<p>The Turgai River  is a river that flows in the Turgai Valley in Kazakhstan.</p><br>
<p>The river is long, the surface of the drainage basin is . Average water consumption is around 9 cubic meters/second. The Turgai disappears in the endorheic basin of Shalkarteniz.</p><br>
<p>The valley occupies an erosion-tectonic basin in north-western Kazakhstan, between the Urals and Mugodzhar Hills in the west and the Kazakh Steppes in the east. In the north are dry steppes with semi-steppes in the south. Deposits of iron ore and other minerals occur in the basin.</p><br>
<p>The Turgai Plateau crosses from south to north. The Thurgau Ubahan (tributary of the Tobol) along with all the rivers of in the Turgai valley have many lakes. This is where the Naurzumskyy reserve is located which connects the West Siberian Plain in the northern part of Kazakhstan Turan lowland.</p><br>
<p>Government House of Nova Scotia is the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, as well as that in Halifax of the Canadian monarch. It stands in the provincial capital at 1451 Barrington Street; unlike other provincial Government Houses in Canada, this gives Nova Scotia&#39;s royal residence a prominent urban setting, though it is still surrounded by gardens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of Government House was ordered in 1800 by then governor Sir John Wentworth to replace the existing Government House that stood on the present location of Province House, with the cornerstone of the former being laid on 1 September of that year. The site had originally been purchased by the Crown as the location for a new colonial legislature, but it was eventually deemed to be too far removed from the capital, and was allocated for use as a viceregal residence instead. The Governor and his family moved into the still incomplete building in 1805.</p><br>
<p>On 8 March 1834, Lieut. Col. James Fullarton, C.B., K. H. died at Government House and was later buried at the Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia).</p><br>
<p>The first royal resident was Prince Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII), in 1860, who was followed by others such as Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, in 1869 (he would also serve as Governor General of Canada); Prince George (later King George V) in 1883 and 1901; Prince Albert in 1913 and again in 1939 as King George VI, along with his wife, Queen Elizabeth, who returned as the Queen Mother in 1967 for the Canadian Centennial and in 1979; their daughters, Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, in 1951 and again in 1959, 1976, 1994 and 2010 as Queen Elizabeth II, and Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, in 1958 and 1988; Elizabeth II&#39;s children, Prince Andrew in 1985 and Prince Edward in 1987, as well as Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, in 1983, accompanied by Diana, Princess of Wales. The mansion was also the gathering place for the various ministers of finance attending the 1995 G7 summit in Halifax.</p><br>
<p>A fire erupted in the mansions attic in 1854; however, the blaze was kept under control due to the fireproofing precautions taken during the design and construction of the edifice. Government House was not well maintained in the latter half of the 20th century. As one of the oldest official residences in Canada, Government House was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1982. The following year, the provincial government, under the Heritage Property Act, listed the house and its gardens as a Provincially Registered Property, in recognition of its Georgian architecture and its association with the various lieutenant governors since 1805 and the Canadian monarchy. The property was not well maintained, regardless, and it underwent extensive renovation and restoration for three years prior to the end of 2008; At the same time, a new Royal Key was inaugurated; it was presented to the Queen and then returned at the end of her tour of Canada, so as to be granted to future lieutenant governors. Nova Scotias Government House is presently the oldest viceregal residence in North America.</p><br>
<h2>Use</h2><br>
<p>Government House is owned by the Queen in Right of Nova Scotia and is open to the public at certain times. It is also where members of the Canadian Royal Family and visiting foreign dignitaries are greeted and often stay while in Halifax, as well as the location of numerous royal and viceroyal events, such as the bestowing of provincial awards or inductions into the Order of Nova Scotia, luncheons, dinners, receptions, and speaking engagements. It is at Government House that the lieutenant governor will drop the writs of election, swear-in new members of the Executive Council, and hold audience with his premier.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and art</h2><br>
<p>Government House&#39;s overall style is one of Georgian with hints of Adam, elements of the main and rear facades having been taken from a book of house plans published in 1795 by George Richardson, a former employee of Robert and James Adam. Many of the materials, however, were acquired locally; the stone came from Antigonish, Bedford Basin, Cape Breton, Lockeport, Lunenburg, and Pictou, brick from Dartmouth, and pine from the Annapolis Valley, Cornwallis, and Tatamagouche. Imported materials came from New Brunswick, Newfoundland, England, and Scotland; notably, the marble fireplace mantles were made in London. These adorned an interior arranged for both entertaining and state business, including a drawing room, dining room, and ballroom for formal entertaining, as well a suite for the governor, his family, and servants. At the time, Nova Scotia had no equal in design and decoration. Hung throughout the building are a number of portraits by Robert Field.</p><br>
<p>The Kolomoki Mounds is one of the largest and earliest Woodland period mound complexes in the Southeastern United States and is the largest in Georgia. Constructed from 350CE to 600CE, they are located in present-day Early County near the Chattahoochee River.</p><br>
<p>The mounds were designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1964. Seven of the eight mounds are protected as part of Kolomoki Mounds State Historic Park.</p><br>
<h2>Site characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Kolomoki Mounds State Park is an important archaeological site as well as a scenic recreational area. Kolomoki, covering some three hundred acres, is one of the larger preserved mound sites in the USA.</p><br>
<p>In the early millennium of the Common Era, Kolomoki, with its surrounding villages, burial mounds, and ceremonial plaza, was a center of population and activity in North America. The eight visible mounds of earth in the park were built between 250-950 CE by peoples of the Swift Creek and Weeden Island cultures. These mounds include Georgia&#39;s oldest great temple mound, two burial mounds and four smaller ceremonial mounds.</p><br>
<p>The park&#39;s museum was built to incorporate part of an excavated mound; it provides an authentic setting for viewing artifacts. The museum features a film about how the mound was built and excavated.</p><br>
<p>As with other mound complexes, the people built and sited the earthworks according to a complex cosmology. Researchers have noted that several mounds are aligned according to astronomical events. For example, mounds A, D, and E, which form the central axis of the site, align with the sun at the spring equinox. Mounds F and D form an alignment with the sun at the summer solstice.</p><br>
<p>Soils at the Park are mostly dark red sandy loams or loamy sands of the Americus, Greenville, and Red Bay series. Some pale brown sands of the Troup series occur on the western shores of Kolomoki Lake, and at the northern end of the lake is brown or dark gray alluvial loam of the Herod-Muckalee soil association.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological features</h2><br>
<h3>Temple Mound</h3><br>
<p>The Temple Mound is 56 ft high and measures 325 by 200 ft at the base. Research indicates that it would have taken over two million basket loads carried by individual workers, each holding one cubic foot of earth, to build this mound. The southern half of the mound is three feet higher and was probably the temple platform. From the top of the steps, most of the Kolomoki Archaeological Area can be viewed. Approximately 1,500 - 2,000 residents lived in a village of thatched houses arched around the plaza.</p><br>
<h3>Mound D</h3><br>
<p>Mound D is one of the eight visible mounds at the Kolomoki site. It is a conical mound that is 20 ft high from the ground. It is centrally located at Kolomoki. Archeologists discovered the remains of 77 burials and ceremonial pottery here. The effigy pottery discovered was shaped in various animal and bird shapes, such as deer, quail and owls.</p><br>
<p>Mound D was constructed in several stages, each time increasing in size. It began as a square-platform mound that was about 6 ft tall. This original platform mound was built from yellow clay. Sixty pottery vessels were placed on the east wall including the above effigy pottery.</p><br>
<p>After many subsequent burials and the addition of more yellow clay in layers, the mound took shape as a larger circular mound about 10 ft tall. These burials took place on the eastern side of the mound, and the skulls face eastward, apparently for religious reasons. Burial objects made from iron and copper and pearl beads were included as ceremonial objects with the burials. Finally, the entire mound was covered with red clay.</p><br>
<h2>Museum robbery</h2><br>
<p>In March 1974, a thief entered the former museum at the park and stole more than 129 ancient pots and effigies, numerous arrowheads and other treasures. Every artifact on display was stolen. Several years later, many of the pieces were recovered in Miami and St. Augustine, Florida.</p><br>
<p>But, with more than 70 relics still missing, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has sought public help in recovering these artifacts. Archeologists believe the pots are somewhere in Georgia or Florida, perhaps held by dealers or private collectors.</p><br>
<p>Park Manager Matt Bruner said,</p><br>
<p>"These pieces are an important part of North American history and should be properly protected for future generations to study. They have significant meaning to the Native American people because many were used during burial ceremonies, plus they represent some of the finest craftsmanship of the Kolomoki culture." He emphasized that the state is more interested in recovering the pots than prosecuting the people who have them.</p><br>
<p>The Illawarra escarpment, or officially the Illawarra Range, is the fold-created cliffs and plateau-eroded outcrop mountain range west of the Illawarra coastal plain south of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The range encloses the Illawarra region which stretches from Stanwell Park in the north to Kiama, Gerringong and the Shoalhaven River in the south.</p><br>
<p>Bells Hill, west of Knights Hill, is the highest point in the range at 803 m on the range&#39;s plateau; with a number of other peaks on the escarpment ranging from 300 m to a maximum of 768 m at Mount Murray southwest of Dapto.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The escarpment or scarp was created between 225 to 280 million years ago and since eroded by creeks to its present height around 30 million years ago. Most of it is sandstone, with many Hawkesbury sandstone boulders and ledges visible in addition to the actual cliffs. Its maximum heights are reached in the south, west of Albion Park at Knights Hill, 709 m, and Mount Murray, 768 m. This forms the eastern edge of the Southern Highlands plateau, uplifted along with the Blue Mountains around 70 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>Many of the towns on the coastal plain adjacent to the escarpment were first founded to harvest the cedar trees on the slopes of the escarpment or the coal seams beneath it. With the original logging industry of the area came the need for passes over the escarpment, creating such ones as Rixons Pass, Bulli Pass, O&#39;Briens Road and Macquarie Pass. The city of Wollongong is the central city in the Illawarra.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The escarpment contains a wide variety of native flora and fauna and is a haven for many forms of wildlife. It is known for the Illawarra Flame Tree with its bright foliage, as well as rare surviving red cedar trees that haven&#39;t been logged. On Saddleback Mountain and at Minnamurra Rainforest and other places there are remnant localities of rainforest bushland, as well as, to the north, dry sclerophyll forests. The southern typical bush meets the northern at Mount Kembla, creating a unique effect. Many bird and animal species thrive here and the escarpment also contains many historic sites such as mine entrances and passes.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Geographically it stretches from the white cliffs of the Royal National Park and its northern hilly ridge formations like Bulgo and Otford Hills and Stony Batter, Undola Ridge and Bald Hill, south past the Otford Valley to the west and around an eroded valley containing Stanwell Park, then it goes south, featuring cliffs and running close to the coastal headlands, approximately 300 m above sea level at Scarborough to the turn at Sublime Point at 415 m near Thirroul, south to Brokers Nose at 440 m promontory, south to Mount Keira, which juts out from the main cliffs, south to a similar eroded sandstone outcrop, Mount Kembla at 534 m, then southwest along the Dapto scarp cliffs including Mount Bong Bong to the turn inland at Macquarie Pass, then back east to the promontory at Knights Hill at 709 m, south including Jamberoo Mountain and east to Noorinan Mountain promontory at Barren Grounds Plateau, then along a ridge to its southern tip, Saddleback Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Cambewarra Range is considered a separate, yet related, geological formation that continues around the Noorinan promontory and continues around Kangaroo Valley.</p><br>
<p>It ranges in height from the tops of Bald Hill and Stony Batter around 300 m above sea level, to 440 m at Brokers Nose, generally above 350 m high south of Mount Ousley Road (between Keira and Brokers Nose) it reaches 464 m at Mount Keira, 464 m at Mount Warra, 469 m at Mount Brisbane, 531 m at Mount Burelli, 512 m at Kembla West, 534 m at Mount Kembla, 564 m at Wanyambilli Hill on the plateau to the west and 709 m at Knights Hill, just over 663 m at Noorinan Mountain and about 600 m at Saddleback Mountain.</p><br>
<p>It is mostly of hard sandstone, with outcrops like Mount Keira and Mount Kembla rising above 450 m. There are many tracks to the top of such summits including the southern tip of the escarpment, Saddleback Mountain and Noorinan Mountain promontory. The flora ranges from northern and southern eucalypts and at Mount Kembla fuses, providing an interesting phenomena. The range has much history, including Hoddles Track which used to go to Bowral from Kiama.</p><br>
<p>To the north the range is mostly a coastal ridge east of Otford, becoming a cliff at Mount Mitchell, and continuing to include an eroded cliff at its top until Bulli Pass where it becomes rounded, forming Woonona Mountain, until Brokers Nose where the cliff reappears, before appearing again on the edge of Mount Keira and Warra, disappearing until west of Dapto where it forms the famous southern escarpment and curves in for Macquarie Pass National Park and Mount Murray at 768 m before turning into Knights Hill at 709 m and then forming Noorinan promontory, its summit at 663 m, and Saddleback Mountains.</p><br>
<h3>Passes</h3><br>
<p>There are several passes over the escarpment:</p><br>
<p>At Bald Hill, where Lawrence Hargrave Drive descends into Stanwell Park</p><br>
<p>At Bulli, where the road goes down from Bulli Pass Lookout near Sublime Point Lookout, around a tight bend and then down into the town of Thirroul</p><br>
<p>At Rixons Pass where the road descends around several tight curves just north of Brokers Nose promontory, and is now a management trail used for mountain biking</p><br>
<p>At Mount Ousley Road, now a freeway, the main route is used for the majority of vehicular traffic and is designed to accommodate slower-moving trucks and buses</p><br>
<p>At Mount Keira Road, built by convict labour and still, in a slightly changed form, used today</p><br>
<p>At O&#39;Briens Road, now partially used by Harry Graham Drive, the Mount Nebo section now a walking and riding track</p><br>
<p>At Cordeaux Road, Mount Kembla, which climbs around Kembla West at 512 m, to reach the catchment area to the west</p><br>
<p>At Macquarie Pass, south of Dapto, protected by a national park; and</p><br>
<p>At Jamberoo Mountain Road pass, east of the mountain of that name, which climbs through a winding pattern to the summit and along the escarpment to Knights Hill and beyond west.</p><br>
<p>West of Albion Park is Callula Pass, passes below Knights Hill and descends to Yellow Rock west of Albion Park, a proposed alternate route to Macquarie Pass, Not used since WWII. Still walk-able</p><br>
<p>Between Dapto and Albion Park, Johnsons Spur which has not been used since the establishment of Macquarie Pass. Was the main access route from the Illawarra to the Southern Tablelands, not only walk-able</p><br>
<p>Saddleback Mountain Road only reaches the summit after a short, steep, turnoff, but was once part of Hoddles Track, which is now only in existence in a small ridge track from the summit but used to extend west to the Southern Highlands.</p><br>
<h3>Protected areas</h3><br>
<p>Numerous areas are protected as part of the Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area or as state forests such as Kembla State Forest southwest of Wollongong. However, much is private property or owned by mining companies like BHP. Well known and popular lookouts such as at Mount Keira and Bald Hill are reserves or parks, the Mount Keira Summit Park is an annexe of the Wollongong Botanic Garden like Puckeys Estate Reserve on the plain.</p><br>
<h3>Walking tracks</h3><br>
<p>There are many walking tracks and lookouts with views of the surrounding countryside to the south, or suburbs to the north and coastal villages to the far north, and bushland and suburbs to the north. There are several well-known lookouts, such as Bald Hill, Bulli Pass, Sublime Point and Mount Keira, as well as lesser known tracks with views such as Hoddles Track west of Saddleback Mountain. Some tracks have gone into disrepair such as the Wodi Wodi track at Stanwell Park, but some such as the Mount Keira Ring Track have been upgraded. Weed infestation is a problem, with many areas invaded by lantana and other invasive weeds.</p><br>
<h2>Maddens Plains</h2><br>
<p>The "address locality" of Maddens Plains is defined as a suburb of the City of Wollongong, "about 1 km N of Scarborough and about 7 km E of Southend Station". At the, it had no population.</p><br>
<p>The Lookout Mountain Incline Railway is a inclined plane railway located along the side of Lookout Mountain in the historic St. Elmo neighborhood of Chattanooga, Tennessee. Passengers are transported from St. Elmos Station at the base, to Point Park at the mountain summit, which overlooks the city and the Tennessee River. It is just a short drive to three of Chattanoogas main tourist attractions, Ruby Falls, Cavern Castle, and Rock City Both less than 10 minutes drive from the railways top station. The railway is approximately 1 mi in length  at the midway point, allowing operation of two cars at one time), and has a maximum grade of 72.7%. It is billed as one of the worlds steepest passenger railways. It obtained Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark status in 1991. The cable system for the cars was made by the Otis Elevator Company.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Incline Railway opened on November 16, 1895, and was the second of two inclines constructed on Lookout Mountain; the first was the Chattanooga and Lookout Mountain Railway, which operated from 1886 to 1898. The railway is now operated by the Chattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority, the area&#39;s public transit agency.</p><br>
<p>The Incline Railway is a well-known and beloved Chattanooga landmark; the railway has been depicted in numerous regional and national publications, including being on TV, most prominently on Larry the Cable Guy&#39;s Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy in February 2011.</p><br>
<p>The 16th Street Baptist Church is a Baptist church in Birmingham, Alabama, that is frequented predominantly by African Americans. In 1963, the church was the target of the racially motivated bombing that killed four young girls in the midst of the Civil Rights Movement. The church is still in operation and is a central landmark in the Birmingham Civil Rights District. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 2006. Since 2008 it has also been on the UNESCO list of tentative World Heritage Sites.</p><br>
<h2>Beginnings</h2><br>
<p>The 16th Street Baptist Church was organized as the First Colored Baptist Church of Birmingham in 1873. It was the first black church to organize in Birmingham, which was founded just two years before. The first meetings were held in a small building at 12th Street and Fourth Avenue North. A site was soon acquired on 3rd Avenue North between 19th and 20th Street for a dedicated building. In 1880, the church sold that property and built a new church on the present site on 16th Street and 6th Avenue North. The new brick building was completed in 1884 under the supervision of its pastor, William R. Pettiford, but in 1908 the city condemned the structure and ordered it to be demolished. Pettiford was pastor from 1883-1904.</p><br>
<p>The present building, a "modified Romanesque and Byzantine design" by the prominent black architect Wallace Rayfield, was constructed in 1911 by the local black contractor T.C. Windham. The cost of construction was $26,000. In addition to the main sanctuary, the building houses a basement auditorium, used for meetings and lectures, and several ancillary rooms used for Sunday school and smaller groups.</p><br>
<p>As one of the primary institutions in the black community, the 16th Street Baptist has hosted prominent visitors throughout its history. W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary McLeod Bethune, Paul Robeson and Ralph Bunche all spoke at the church during the first part of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Civil rights era and the 1963 bombing</h2><br>
<p>During the civil rights movement of the 1960s, the 16th Street Baptist Church served as an organizational headquarters, site of mass meetings and rallying point for THE AFRICAN AMERICANS protesting widespread institutionalized racism in Birmingham, Alabama and the South. The reverends Fred Shuttlesworth, who was the chief local organizer, James Bevel, SCLC leader who initiated the Children&#39;s Crusade and taught the students nonviolence, and Martin Luther King, Jr. were frequent speakers at the church and led the movement.</p><br>
<p>On Sunday, September 15, 1963, Thomas Blanton, Bobby Frank Cherry and Robert Edward Chambliss, members of the Ku Klux Klan, planted 19 sticks of dynamite outside the basement of the church. At 10:22 a.m., they exploded, killing four young girls - Addie Mae Collins, Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley and Denise McNair - and injuring 22 others. They were there preparing for the church&#39;s "Youth Day". A funeral for three of the four victims was attended by more than 8,000 mourners, white and black, but no city officials.</p><br>
<p>This was one of a string of more than 45 bombings within the decade. The neighborhood of Dynamite Hill was the most-frequently targeted area during this time. The bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church increased Federal involvement in Alabama. President Johnson passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act the following year; and in 1965 the Voting Rights Act was passed, making literacy tests and poll taxes illegal.</p><br>
<p>Following the bombing, more than $300,000 in unsolicited gifts were received by the church and repairs were begun immediately. The church reopened on June 7, 1964. A stained glass window depicting a black Jesus, designed by John Petts, was donated by citizens of Wales and installed in the front window, facing south.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The church was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on June 16, 1976. On September 17, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 1993, a team of surveyors for the Historic American Buildings Survey executed archival quality measured drawings of the church for the Library of Congress. Because of its historic value on a national level in the moral crusade of civil rights, the church was officially designated a National Historic Landmark on February 20, 2006 by the United States Department of the Interior. On 1 January 2008 the US Government submitted it to UNESCO as part of an envisaged future World Heritage nomination and as such it is on the so-called UNESCO Tentative List of World Heritage Sites.</p><br>
<p>As part of the Birmingham Civil Rights District, the 16th Street Baptist Church receives more than 200,000 visitors annually. Though the current membership is only around 500, it has an average weekly attendance of nearly 2,000. The church also operates a large drug counseling program. The current pastor is Reverend Arthur Price. Across from the church at Kelly Ingram Park is the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, which plans events that teach and promote the history of human rights.</p><br>
<p>The 16th Street Baptist Church engaged in a $3 million restoration of the building in the first decade of the 21st century. Persistent water damage problems and exterior brick facing failure were addressed. The first phase of restoration, mainly below-grade waterproofing, was completed in 2007, followed by work on the exterior masonry. Additional funds were sought to handle unexpected problems uncovered during the work and to provide for ongoing physical maintenance.</p><br>
<p>Serra do Buçaco  is a mountain range in Portugal, formerly included in the province of Beira Litoral. The highest point in the range is the Cruz Alta at 549 m , which commands a magnificent view over the Serra da Estrela, the Mondego River valley and the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The Serra includes the buildings of a secularized Carmelite monastery, founded in 1628. The convent woods have long been famous for their cypress, plane, evergreen oak, cork and other forest trees, many of which have stood for centuries and attained an immense size. A bull of Pope Gregory XV (1623), anathematizing trespassers and forbidding women to approach, is inscribed on a tablet at the main entrance; another bull, of Pope Urban VIII (1643), threatens with excommunication any person harming the trees. Located in the northwestern corner is the Mata Nacional do Buçaco (Buçaco Forest), an ancient walled arboretum.</p><br>
<p>Towards the close of the 19th century the Serra de Bussaco became one of the regular halting-places for foreign, and especially for British, tourists, on the overland route between Lisbon and Porto. The Palace Hotel of Bussaco (Palácio Hotel do Buçaco), built between 1888 and 1905 in an exuberant Neo-Manueline style, is still a magnet for tourists.</p><br>
<p>In 1873 a monument was erected, on the southern slopes of the Serra, to commemorate the Battle of Buçaco, in which the French, under Marshal Masséna, were defeated by the Anglo-Portuguese Army, under Lord Wellington, on 27 September 1810.</p><br>
<p>Stomio  is a village and a community of the Agia municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was the seat of the municipality of Evrymenes.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is situated on the Aegean Sea coast, south of the mouth of the river Pineios, and at the foot of densely vegetated Mount Ossa. It is 13 km southeast of Pyrgetos, 17 km north of Agia and 37 km northeast of Larissa.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ancient city Eurymenae (also Erymnae) was situated near present Stomio. The Greek Orthodox Monastery of Saint Demetrius, situated on the mountain slope above Stomio, was founded in the 6th century and rebuilt in its present form in the 12th century by Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos. Before 1927 Stomio was named Tsagezi (Τσάγεζι), deriving from the Turkish Çay ağzı which translates to "river mouth". (Çay=river, ağız=mouth, ağzı=the mouth).</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>According to the 2011 census, the population of the settlement of Omolio was 553 people, a decrease of almost 7% compared with the population of the previous census of 2001.</p><br>
<p>Pen Park Hole is a large cavern situated underground, at the edge of Filton Golf Course. The cavern was discovered accidentally in the 17th Century and the first descent was made by Captain Sturmy in 1669. The entrance is adjacent to the Southmead and Brentry housing estates of north Bristol. Access is tightly controlled by Bristol City Council. It was scheduled as a Site of Special Scientific Interest in August 2016 on account of its geological origins, and its cave invertebrate community including the cave shrimp Niphargus kochianus, which is normally known as a spring seepage or chalk aquifer species.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Captain Sturmy descended into the pit on July 2, 1699. Having roped down from an old lead mine, he and a miner companion descended using 25 fathoms (150 ft) of rope. They found a large chamber which they illuminated with candles. Exploring further they found an underground river 20 fathoms wide. Seeing a passage 30 ft above them, they had a ladder lowered which they used to ascend into the passage. Here they found what they thought was a rich mine "an abundance of strange places, the flooring being a kind of a white stone, enamelled with lead-ore, and the pendant rocks were glazed with saltpetre, which distilled upon them from above, and which time had petrified." After a few hours they ascended to the surface, but the unfortunate Captain Sturmy suffered from a severe headache for four days, developed a fever and died. This gave the hole a bad reputation and for a long time, nobody was willing to explore it further.</p><br>
<p>On 17 March 1775 Reverend Thomas Newnam of Redcliffe Church fell to his death while attempting to plumb the depth when the tree branch onto which he was holding broke. His body was recovered 17 days later.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 a mast for mobile phone signals was proposed at the site, however a local campaign had this resited. In 2012 a housing development was proposed. This was rejected after further surveys of the cave showing that it was the only subterranean colony of the shrimp Niphargus kochianus.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cave consists of some short climbs, and a few chambers, the last of which is a very tall rift chamber with a lake that changes height by as much as 20 metres. Side passages contain impressive dogtooth spar. The cave was formed by rising geothermal water (and is one of the best examples of a hydrothermal cave in the UK or Ireland), making it far older than other caves in the area, at around 190 million years old. The main chamber is 68 m high, 30 m long and 15 m wide. The lake within it is 15 m deep but the level fluctuates widely.</p><br>
<p>The cave entrance is in a residential area and is protected by a steel plate for safety reasons. Access is under the control of Bristol City Council.</p><br>
<p>The Lyngen Alps  are a mountain range in northeastern Troms county in Norway, east of the city of Tromsø. The mountain range runs through the municipalities of Lyngen, Balsfjord, and Storfjord. The mountains follow the western shore of the Lyngen fjord in a north-south direction. The length of the range is at least 90 km  and the width is 15 –. The mountains dominate the Lyngen Peninsula, which is bordered by the Lyngen fjord to the east, and the Ullsfjorden to the west. The British climber William Cecil Slingsby was the first to climb many of the peaks.</p><br>
<p>The mountains are of alpine character, popular among extreme skiers. The highest summit is the 1,833 m tall Jiekkevarre, the highest mountain in Troms county; Store Lenangstind is also a prominent mountain. There are several glaciers in the mountains. The Lyngen Alps are sufficiently high as to give rain shadow in the interior lowland areas east of the mountains.</p><br>
<p>Camp Douglas was established in October 1862, during the American Civil War, as a small military garrison about three miles east of Salt Lake City, Utah, to protect the overland mail route and telegraph lines along the Central Overland Route. In 1878, the post was renamed Fort Douglas. It was officially closed in 1991 pursuant to BRAC action and most of the buildings were turned over to the University of Utah. A small section of the original fort is still used by the USA Army Reserve and includes the Fort Douglas Military Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Establishment</h3><br>
<p>Early in the Civil War, the threat of violence increased with the withdrawal of Federal troops from the West for use against the Confederate States of America. Colonel Patrick Connor was ordered to reestablish a military presence with volunteer soldiers in the Utah Territory. He selected a site east of Salt Lake City, and Camp Douglas, named after Senator Stephen A. Douglas, was officially established there on Oct. 26, 1862. Connor&#39;s men were Union volunteers from both California and Nevada. The post served as headquarters for the District of Utah in the Department of the Pacific.</p><br>
<h3>Regular Army arrives, 1866–1874</h3><br>
<p>Following the end of the Civil War, between 1866 and 1898, the fort was part of the Department of the Platte. Its importance increased when the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads joined rails at Promontory Summit, Utah, on May 10, 1869, completing the Transcontinental Railroad.</p><br>
<h3>1878–1898</h3><br>
<p>Through the efforts of Utah&#39;s USA Sen. Thomas Kearns, the fort became a regimental post.</p><br>
<h3>World War I</h3><br>
<p>During World War I, the fort was used as an internment camp for German citizens who lived in the United States, and it was also a POW camp for German naval prisoners. One of the crews kept there was from the SMS Cormoran, which had left the German colony of Tsingtao, China, at the beginning of the war and stopped at Guam in December 1914 to refuel and take on provisions. Denied the coal needed for their boilers, the German captain reluctantly submitted to detention. When the United States entered the war on the Allied side in 1917, the crew were made prisoners of war and were sent to Fort Douglas.</p><br>
<h3>Interwar period</h3><br>
<p>In 1922, the fort became the base of the 38th Infantry, which remained there until August 1940.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>Following Japan&#39;s attack on Pearl Harbor, Fort Douglas became an Army Air Field in conjunction with Salt Lake City Municipal Airport and housed the 7th Bombardment Group operating B-17 Flying Fortresses. However, Fort Douglas proper was taken over by the Army ground forces when fears of a Japanese attack of the USA mainland caused the 9th Service Command Headquarters to move from Utah to the Presidio of San Francisco.</p><br>
<h3>Final years, 1945–1991</h3><br>
<p>After World War II, the Army began disposing of its land, transferring it to the University of Utah, located adjacent to it. However, it maintained Army Reserve functions there for decades, notably with the 96th Army Reserve Command under the command of Maj. Gen. Michael B. Kauffman, who had spent much of his Army career at the fort and was instrumental in keeping it alive well past its announced closing in the 1970s. The Fort Douglas Military Museum is housed in a building named after Maj. Gen. Kauffman, who founded the museum and built it into one of the United States&#39; premier military museums featuring exhibits from all branches of the Armed Services.</p><br>
<p>Between 1962 and 1973, Fort Douglas was the site of the Deseret Test Center (Buildings 103 and 105) with the responsibility of evaluating chemical and biological weapons, although no tests were actually performed on the base.</p><br>
<p>On Oct. 26, 1991, the fort closed officially, though the Utah National Guard maintained control of the museum, and the 96th ARCOM received the parts of the fort that were not deeded to the university.</p><br>
<h3>1991–Present</h3><br>
<h4>Armed Forces Reserve Center</h4><br>
<p>A small portion of the southwestern section of the original fort remains in use by the United States military. This portion of the fort is designated the Fort Stephen A. Douglas Armed Forces Reserve Center. The reserve center consists of 51 acres, and includes the historic Soldier’s Circle, along with several sub-installation buildings.</p><br>
<p>The center hosts offices, along with training and support space for headquarters staff for two Army Reserve commands, and staff from other Army, Navy and Marine Reserve units. There have been some attempts to relocate the center to allow the University of Utah to grow its campus. A law requires the property be given to the University of Utah, without charge, once the military declares it surplus.</p><br>
<h4>University of Utah Campus</h4><br>
<p>In 1991 the University of Utah received much of the forts former property. During the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, much of the universitys campus was used to host events. The Olympic Organizing Committee and university built the Olympic Village to house participating athletes on former fort property; the village housing now serves as on-campus housing for university students. Stilwell Field is used as a parking lot during special events, such as football games. The Officers Club building is used as a conference center by the university, and several of the officers quarters house university departments (such as the American Indian Resource Center).</p><br>
<p>There has been some controversy surrounding the universitys stewardship of the historic fort property. In 2015 it was revealed that during construction work to upgrade the universitys electrical system, buried period artifacts had been removed and discarded at a landfill.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>A cemetery was established in 1862 about a mile south of the original parade grounds. In 1864, the soldiers at the post improved the cemetery significantly. They erected a monument in the center dedicated to the memory of the men killed at Bear River. They also constructed a red sandstone wall around the cemetery, with a steel gate located at the north end. The following year, a smaller monument was added for Utah Gov. James D. Doty following his death and burial in the cemetery. Later, the cemetery was expanded to accommodate a larger number of burials, not only from the fort, but also from Fort Cameron following its closure. A special section of the cemetery was also added for the German prisoners of war who died here during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Douglas Cemetery continues to be an active federal military cemetery, actively maintained. A list of cemetery burials is available through the Utah History Research Center&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Deer Island or Inishmore  is located in County Clare, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>According to Clare County Library, Deer Island, or Innismore, is situated near the western bank of the River Fergus about a quarter of a mile from the village of Ballynacally. In 1837 it was measured at 493 statute acres.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Administratively it is part of the District Electoral Division of Ballynacally. Population in 1996 was 1 (unchanged since 1991). It was the only inhabited island in Co. Clare. The 1901 census showed 9 families living on the island.</p><br>
<p>It is uninhabited as of 2004 when the last of the residents died, many of the families of former residents vacation on the island throughout the year.</p><br>
<h3>Demographics</h3><br>
<p>The table below reports data on Inishmore&#39;s population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland. Census data in Ireland before 1841 are not considered complete and/or reliable.</p><br>
<h2>History and archaeology</h2><br>
<p>In 1837 the island was nearly equally divided between pasture and tillage. It was the property of the Earl of Egremont, and was also called Inchmore, or the "Great Island", being the largest of the Fergus islands. Samuel Lewis reported that "Flax was formerly cultivated here… but is now only partially grown". He also mentioned "some vestiges of an abbey still remaining, founded… at a very early period, by Saint Senan of Inniscattery, who appointed St. Liberius one of his disciples, to preside over it". The ruins of the old church, some cholera graves and a holy well called Tobar Breedia are still to be seen. Deer Island was once a deer park, enclosed by water, where the Earl of Thomond kept a live larder of venison.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby islands</h2><br>
<p>Nearby islands include:</p><br>
<p>Canon Island, anciently called Elanogannonoch, contains remains of a priory founded and built between the years 1166 and 1169 by Donald O&#39;Brien, king of Limerick</p><br>
<p>Inishdadroum (the island of the two backs), of two ancient churches, in one of which St. Brendan of Kerry ministered</p><br>
<p>Low Island on which is one of those cairns called Dhiarmuid and Graunias bed,&#39; remarkable in bardic tradition and folk-lore. The Celtic legend is, that Dhiarmunid, a young chieftain, fled with Graunia, the affianced wife of the aged Fionn mac Cumhaill, who were pursued by Finn and his warriors, sleeping each night in a different place under a stone structure hastily erected by Dhiarmuid.</p><br>
<p>Dauphin Lake is located in western Manitoba near the city of Dauphin, Manitoba. The lake covers an area of 201 square miles and has a drainage basin of about 3,420 square miles. The Mossy River drains the lake into Lake Winnipegosis. The basin is drained by seven major streams and has a total relief of 1,900 ft. The lake is located within the territory of three rural municipalities; in descending order of area they are the Rural Municipality of Ochre River, the Rural Municipality of Dauphin, and the Rural Municipality of Mossey River.</p><br>
<p>The lake provides wonderful recreational opportunities. Fishing is popular in both winter and summer, many people camp on the lake&#39;s shores and there are many cottages.</p><br>
<p>Dauphin Lake was named after the Dauphin of France, heir to the French throne, by Francois de La Verendrye in 1739.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrography</h2><br>
<p>Dauphin Lake is located west of Lake Manitoba and south of Lake Winnipegosis. It receives most of its waters from the west.</p><br>
<h3>Mossy River Dam</h3><br>
<p>Several efforts have been made to control lake levels in the last century. In 1964 the Mossy River Dam was constructed at Terin&#39;s Landing at the outlet of the lake. The ten bay concrete stoplog structure complete with a fish ladder is operated by the Province. The summer target since 1993 has been 854.8 feet (260.54 m). The dam can restrict the outflow when conditions are dry and levels low but the river limits the outflow when the lake is high.</p><br>
<p>Regulation of the lake is difficult. Conditions can change very quickly. For example, a four-day rain in June 1947 produced an estimated peak inflow of 60,000 cuft/s. At normal levels, the Mossy River can only take out about 500 cuft/s.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Tributaries include the Turtle River, Kerosene Creek, Ochre River, Edwards Creek Drain, Vermillion River, Wilson River, Valley River, Mowat Creek and the Mink River.</p><br>
<p>Las Trampas or just Trampas , is a small unincorporated town in Taos County, northern New Mexico, the Southwestern United States. Founded in 1751, its center retains the original early Spanish colonial defensive layout from that time, as well as the 18th-century San José de Gracia Church, one of the finest surviving examples of Spanish Colonial church architecture in the United States. The village center was designated a National Historic Landmark District  in 1967.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Las Trampas is located on the scenic High Road to Taos (New Mexico State Road 76) in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. it is approximately halfway between Santa Fe to the south and Taos to the north.</p><br>
<p>The town has a post office, with the ZIP code 87576; the US Postal Service prefers the name "Trampas". No ZIP Code Tabulation Area information for 87576 is available from Census 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Las Trampas was founded in 1751 by twelve Spanish families from Santa Fe. The small community consisted of little more than the central plaza, ringed by houses, which were surrounded by a low adobe wall. The village flourished despite attacks from Native Americans, and by 1776 there were 278 inhabitants recorded. The village remained largely isolated, except for travelers on the mountain road, until the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The town is well known for the San José de Gracia Church, built between 1760 and 1776 and considered a model of the adobe colonial Spanish missions in New Mexico.</p><br>
<h3>Historic district</h3><br>
<p>The Las Trampas Historic Historic District, designated in 1967, encompasses the central village, whose buildings largely follow the plan originally laid out in 1751. Most of the buildings themselves date to the 19th century, often with late 19th-century alterations. The church, itself a National Historic Landmark for its architecture, is the only surviving 18th-century building. The original defensive wall that surrounded the village has been removed, and no significant traces of it remain.</p><br>
<p>The Palace of the Governors  is an adobe structure located on Palace Avenue on the Plaza of Santa Fe, New Mexico, between Lincoln Avenue and Washington Avenue. It is within the Santa Fe Historic District and it served as the seat of government for the state of New Mexico for centuries. The Palace of the Governors is the oldest continuously occupied public building in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1610, Pedro de Peralta, the newly appointed governor of the Spanish territory covering most of the American Southwest, began construction on the Palace of the Governors, although recent historical research has suggested that construction began in 1618. In the following years, the Palace changed hands as the territory of New Mexico did, seeing the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, the Spanish reconquest from 1693 to 1694, Mexican independence in 1821, and finally American possession in 1848.</p><br>
<p>The Palace originally served as the seat of government of the Spanish colony of Nuevo Mexico, which at one time comprised the present-day states of Texas, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Nevada, California, and New Mexico. After the Mexican War of Independence, the Mexican province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was administered from the Palace of the Governors. When New Mexico was annexed as a USA territory, the Palace became New Mexico&#39;s first territorial capitol.</p><br>
<p>Lew Wallace wrote the final parts of his book Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ in this building while serving as territorial governor in the late 1870s. He remembered later in life that it was at night, during a severe thunderstorm in the spring of 1879, after returning from a tense meeting with Billy the Kid in Lincoln County, when he wrote the climactic Crucifixion scenes of the novel. Wallace worked by the light of a shaded lamp in the shuttered governor&#39;s study, fearing a bullet from outside over the tensions surrounding the Lincoln County War.</p><br>
<p>Between 1909, when the New Mexico territorial legislature established the Museum of New Mexico, and Summer 2009 the Palace of the Governors served as the site of the state history museum.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the New Mexico History Museum was opened adjacent to the Palace, which is now one of eight museums overseen by the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The United States Postal Service issued a turquoise 1¼-cent stamp on June 17, 1960 featuring an image of the Palace. According to Steven J. Rod, "This was in coincidence with the opening day of Santa Fe’s 350th anniversary celebration. The Palace is shown on the stamp from a front angle, a design which was taken from a photograph by Tyler Dingee of Santa Fe. The Governors Palace stamp was the eighth national shrine&#39; honored by this series."</p><br>
<p>The Malcolm Willey House is located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It was designed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and built in 1934. Wright named the house "Gardenwall".</p><br>
<p>Malcolm Willey was an administrator at the University of Minnesota. In June 1932, his wife Nancy Willey sent a letter to Wright asking if he would be able to provide them a "creation of art" for a budget of "about $8,000." The current design is the second design that Wright conceived for the Willeys, since the first design proved too costly for the family. The home ended up a modest 1,200 ft&sup2; at a cost of $10,000. The Willeys sold the home in 1963 to a family that later sold it to a Wright aficionado who only sporadically occupied the home; when the current owners purchased the home in 2002 it was in need of major restoration which is now complete.</p><br>
<p>The Willey House is primarily built of red brick and cypress. Except for the red linoleum in the kitchen, the rooms on the main floor are floored with mortared brick pavers. A major design feature is the 30-60-90 triangle which shapes the terrace, the skylights, and two clerestory windows in the living room. The house is arranged so that the living room and dining room form a single space: the kitchen was separated from them by plate glass and a group of shelves. This gave a clear view from the kitchen to the living and dining area, allowing Mrs. Willey to watch the rest of the house while in the kitchen. This was an important step away from the historic precedent of compartmentalizing the functions of the house into separate rooms. The house can be considered a bridge between Wright&#39;s earlier Prairie School style houses, and his later Usonian style houses, since it incorporates certain elements from both styles.</p><br>
<p>Located at 255 Bedford Street Southeast in the Minneapolis neighborhood of Prospect Park, the home remains private and is only partially visible from public roads. It sits adjacent to a freeway wall blocking it from the sight and sound of nearby Interstate 94; the home originally had a panoramic view of the Mississippi River gorge before the freeway&#39;s construction obstructed it in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The Battle Creek Sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan, United States, was a health resort based on the health principles advocated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church, most notably associated with John Harvey Kellogg. The complex was purchased by the USA Army during World War II and converted into the Percy Jones Army Hospital. The facility later became the Hart-Dole-Inouye Federal Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It first opened on September 5, 1866, as the Western Health Reform Institute. In 1876, John Harvey Kellogg became the superintendent, and his brother, W. K. Kellogg, worked as the bookkeeper. In 1878, a new structure was built on the site, which burned down in 1902, and then rebuilt and enlarged. As Kellogg put it, they took the word "sanatorium", which back then was defined as a health resort for invalid soldiers. "A change of two letters transformed sanatorium to sanitarium, and a new word was added to the English language". Kellogg states the number of patients grew from 106 in 1866, to 7,006 patrons during the year 1906. In 1928, Battle Creek Sanitarium expanded with a fourteen-story tower, built across the street from the main sanitarium. This tower went into receivership in 1933, while the sanitarium continued to operate from its main facility. In 1942, the U. S. Army purchased the tower and established the Percy Jones General Hospital; the hospital closed permanently in 1953 and one year later became the Battle Creek Federal Center. Owned by the Seventh-day Adventists, the Battle Creek Sanitarium continued to operate as a psychiatric facility through the 1970s but closed its doors by the end of the decade. In 1986, the main building was razed, ending the final chapter in the history of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Medical records have since been microfiched and are now kept by the nearby Fieldstone Center, in Battle Creek, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>The sanitarium system</h2><br>
<h3>Guests, staff, and buildings</h3><br>
<p>Along with high numbers of patrons, there was a large number of staff at Battle Creek. Kellogg stated that "at the Battle Creek Sanitarium, the number of persons employed is never less than eight hundred, and often rises in the busiest season to more than one thousand". They comprised "physicians, nurses, helpers etc". (There were 30 physicians on staff). The main buildings comprised four large buildings, chief of which was the central structure, "which affords rooming accommodations for about 400 guests...(and)...treatment rooms capable of handling more than 1,000 patients"</p><br>
<p>The sanitarium became a destination for both prominent and middle-class American citizens. Celebrated American figures who visited the sanitarium (including Mary Todd Lincoln and Sojourner Truth) would influence and encourage enthusiasm for health and wellness among the general population. "Battle Creek Sanitarium was world renowned and became the in place for the rich and famous to seek their lost health, to listen to health lectures and to learn and practice the principles of a healthy lifestyle".</p><br>
<h3>Therapeutic system</h3><br>
<p>At the sanitarium, Kellogg explored various treatments for his patients, including diet reform and frequent enemas. He encouraged a low-fat, low-protein diet with an emphasis on whole grains, fiber-rich foods, and most importantly, nuts. Kellogg also recommended a daily intake of fresh air, exercise, and the importance of hygiene. Many of the theories of John Harvey Kellogg were later published in his book The Road to Wellness. Charles W. Post ("CW") also worked with Dr. John Harvey Kellogg.</p><br>
<p>Kellogg described the Sanitarium system as "a composite physiologic method comprising hydrotherapy, phototherapy, thermotherapy, electrotherapy, mechanotherapy, dietetics, physical culture, cold-air cure, and health training". To assist with diagnostics and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, various measures of physiological integrity were utilised to obtain numerous vital coefficients, "especially in relation to the integrity and efficiency of the blood, the heart, the lungs, the liver, the kidneys, stomach, intestines, brain, nerves and muscles".</p><br>
<h4>Hydrotherapy</h4><br>
<p>Hydrotherapy was widely utilized. Two three-story buildings, for men and women respectively, were devoted to hydrotherapy. Each building had a basement, "devoted to rectal and bowel applications and classrooms". Both buildings were connected to the main building and the great gymnasium. Kellogg noted "that hydrotherapy has won a definite and permanent place in modern rational therapeutics can no longer be questioned, and the Battle Creek Sanitarium claims recognition as the pioneer in scientific hydrotherapy" in America. Indeed, while some therapies from the 19th century and early 20th century have fallen by the wayside, or remain controversial, hydrotherapy remains widely used.</p><br>
<p>Kelloggs use of hydrotherapy was a more sophisticated development of the system that was utilized in the early 19th century by Vincent Priessnitz, which, when introduced to America, was essentially a "cold water cure", although "as a tonic, cold water has no superior". "The crude, but thoroughgoing methods of the original system of Priessnitz, which prospered among the hardy mountaineers of Austrian Silesia, were much too strenuous for more delicately organized and pampered American invalids. This fact, together with the crass empiricism which characterized the use of water in the first half of the last century, when water-cures were for a time almost a fad, brought water into general disrepute as a curative means, and greatly hindered the scientific development of this invaluable agent". The Battle Creek system utilized both hot and cold water, and correlated the use of hydrotherapy with other therapeutic modalities. Among the methods used were douches, sitz baths, cold mitten frictions, salt glows, towel rubs, wet sheet rubs, wet and dry packings, compresses, "full baths of various sorts, including Nauheim baths, electro-hydric baths, shallow and neutral baths". The use of hot and cold applications was to produce "profound reflex effects", including vasodilation and vasoconstriction. These physiological mechanisms now seem fairly well understood, and underpin the contemporary use of hydrotherapy, with the reflex reactions described by some as the rebound phenomenon&#39;</p><br>
<h4>Phototherapy, Thermotherapy, and Electrotherapy</h4><br>
<p>This department employed both solar and electric light, with the latter used chiefly during winter. Phototherapy held a prominent place at Battle Creek, where the first electric light bath was constructed. Regarding the application of electricity, Kellogg noted that "electricity is not capable of accomplishing half the marvels that are claimed for it by many enthusiastic electrotherapists". Nevertheless, he considered it valuable when used in conjunction with hydrotherapy, thermotherapy, and other methods.</p><br>
<h4>Physical training</h4><br>
<p>Physical exercise was an important part of the Battle Creek system, facilitating not just the improvement of muscle tone, but also of posture, respiration, and of circulation and the facilitation of anabolic and catabolic functions enabled by circulatory processes. Exercise included such components as postural, calisthetics, gymnastics, swimming, and passive methods such as mechanotherapy, vibrotherapy, mechanical massage.</p><br>
<h4>Open-air and cold-air methods</h4><br>
<p>Exposure to the sun and open air were regarded as fundamentally important for health, including stimulation of the skin. Battle Creek had a large outdoor gymnasium. Again, the use of temperature differentials facilitated by water was a component, with exercise followed by a plunge into a fresh water swimming pool "just cool enough to be refreshing and invigorating". Patients were encouraged to sleep in the open air, and a range of outdoor activities were facilitated, from wood-chopping, to basketball and other games, walking trotting, swimming lessons. Also available were skating, tobogganing, skiing, and other outdoor sports (p. 111). "Thus all the best advantages of the seashore, camping out, going fishing, and other forms of recreation are secured, while the patient is protected from excess by the careful guidance of his physician, and has the advantages of medical care, dietetic regulation, etc".</p><br>
<h4>Dietetics</h4><br>
<p>Battle Creek utilised information as known at that time to provide nutritional requirements for health and well-being relative to each person&#39;s requirements. Food required careful prescriptive preparation, with care also taken to ensure appetiveness and palatability were recognised. The diet lists included "scores of special dishes and hundreds of special food preparations, each of which has been carefully studied in relation to its nutritive and therapeutic properties", with the diet lists used "by the physicians in arranging the diet prescriptions of individual patients". Also, "all the so-called Sanitarium health foods" were "regularly found on the Sanitarium bill of fare, having been originally devised solely for this use".</p><br>
<h2>Decline of the Battle Creek Sanitarium</h2><br>
<p>After the Wall Street Crash of 1929 few previously well-to-do patients came to the sanitarium. Finances became very difficult for the "San" and the complex was put under receivership in 1933. The sanitarium stayed in business until after the beginning of WWII.</p><br>
<p>The USA Army, needing a hospital, paid $2,341,000 and moved in creating Percy Jones Army Hospital. The complex was later converted into a federal center and is currently named the Hart-Dole-Inouye Federal Center.</p><br>
<h2>National Register</h2><br>
<p>The Battle Creek Sanitarium was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Only main building, a long six-story building in the Italian Renaissance Revival style, situated parallel to North Washington Avenue, is included in the listing.</p><br>
<h2>Notable patients</h2><br>
<p>C. W. Post, founder of Post Cereals, which included the coffee substitute Postum</p><br>
<p>Richard Halliburton, later one of the most adventurous travellers of his generation</p><br>
<p>Warren G. Harding, twenty-ninth President of the United States</p><br>
<p>Irving Fisher, celebrity economist and later fellow of J. H. Kellogg&#39;s Race Betterment Foundation (eugenics)</p><br>
<p>Amelia Earhart, first female aviator to fly across the Atlantic Ocean</p><br>
<p>Johnny Weissmuller, actor and athlete famous for his portrayal of Tarzan</p><br>
<p>Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company and inventor of the modern assembly line</p><br>
<p>Mary Todd Lincoln, wife of President Abraham Lincoln</p><br>
<p>Sojourner Truth, African-American slave in New York State, later escaped, then abolitionist and fighter for women&#39;s rights</p><br>
<p>James Cash Penney, Founder of J.C. Penney Department Stores</p><br>
<p>Madam C. J. Walker, African American entrepreneur and philanthropist at Battle Creek in November 1917</p><br>
<p>Cole Harbour is the name for a natural harbour located in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.</p><br>
<p>It is located in central Halifax County, with the mouth of the harbour located 6 kilometres northeast of Halifax Harbour.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to Cole Harbour is protected by Rainbow Haven Beach, a barrier beach which forms a lagoon on the inland side.</p><br>
<p>Measuring approximately 4 kilometres east to west and 3 kilometres north to south, the harbour is shallow and rocky. Virtually the entire shoreline and the harbour itself are protected by the provincial government as the Cole Harbour - Lawrencetown Coastal Heritage Provincial Park.</p><br>
<p>The centre of the harbour is divided by a man-made feature; during the late 19th century a railway was constructed from Dartmouth to Musquodoboit Harbour and crossed the width of Cole Harbour on a 3 kilometre causeway. Rail service was abandoned by CN Rail during the 1980s and the corridor has been converted to a rail trail as part of the Trans Canada Trail.</p><br>
<p>Part of the western shore of Cole Harbour was dyked during the 19th century to provide land for farmers. These structures were destroyed in the early 20th century and are now occupied by several residential homes along the Cow Bay road.</p><br>
<h2>Communities</h2><br>
<p>Communities along the shores of Cole Harbour from west to east include:</p><br>
<p>Rainbow Haven</p><br>
<p>Cole Harbour</p><br>
<p>Upper Lawrencetown</p><br>
<p>West Lawrencetown</p><br>
<p>Naugle</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Logar River  is a river of Afghanistan. It gives the name to the Logar Valley and Logar Province. In Maidan Wardak Province where the river originates, it is called Chak River. The Chaki Wardak Dam is built on the river in Chaki Wardak District, Maidan Wardak Province.</p><br>
<p>The Logar River drains a wide tract of country, rising in Maidan Wardak Province in the southern slopes of the Sanglakh Range and receiving tributaries from hills in the Kharwar District, north-east of Ghazni. It joins the Kabul River a few kilometres below the city of Kabul. The fertile and well irrigated Logar Valley, which is watered by its southern tributaries, is about 64 km long by 19 km wide. Lying in the vicinity of the capital, the district contributes significantly to its food supply.</p><br>
<p>A large ancient city was discovered in 2002, just south of Puli Alam, dating back at least 1,700 years to Kushan times. It contains numerous multi-storied buildings and temple and covers an area of about 30 km. It has been extensively looted during the recent war with many antiquities being sold on the black market.</p><br>
<p>Pi-Ramesses; -su, meaning "House of Ramesses") was the new capital built by the Nineteenth Dynasty Pharaoh Ramesses II  at Qantir, near the old site of Avaris. The city had served as a summer palace under Seti I , and may have been founded by Ramesses I  while he served under Horemheb.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>In 1884, Flinders Petrie arrived in Egypt to begin his excavations there. His first dig was at Tanis, where he arrived with 170 workmen. Later in the 1930s, the ruins at Tanis were explored by Pierre Montet.</p><br>
<p>The masses of broken Ramesside stonework at Tanis led archaeologists to identify it as Pi-Ramesses. Yet it eventually came to be recognised that none of these monuments and inscriptions originated at the site.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s Manfred Bietak, recognised that Pi-Ramesses was known to have been located on the then easternmost branch of the Nile. He painstakingly mapped all the branches of the ancient Delta and established that the Pelusiac branch was the easternmost during Ramesses reign while the Tanitic branch (i.e. the branch on which Tanis was located) did not exist at all. Excavations were therefore begun at the site of the highest Ramesside pottery location, Tell el-Daba and Qantir.</p><br>
<p>Although there were no traces of any previous habitation visible on the surface, discoveries soon identified Tell el-Dab&#39;a as the Hyksos capital Avaris. Qantir was recognized as the site of the Ramesside capital Pi-Ramesses.</p><br>
<p>Qantir/Pi-Ramesses lies some 30 kilometers to the south of Tanis; Tell el-Dab´a, the site of Avaris, is situated about 2 km south of Qantir.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, archaeologists from the Roemer and Pelizaeus Museum unearthed footprints of children at the bottom of a mortar part, as well as pieces of painted wall, possibly fresco pending further study, believed to have served as decoration at the site of a palace or temple.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ramesses II was born and raised in the area, and family connections may have played a part in his decision to move his capital so far north; but geopolitical reasons may have been of greater importance, as Pi-Ramesses was much closer to the Egyptian vassal states in Asia and to the border with the hostile Hittite empire. Intelligence and diplomats would reach the pharaoh much more quickly, and the main corps of the army were also encamped in the city and could quickly be mobilised to deal with incursions of Hittites or Shasu nomads from across the Jordan.</p><br>
<p>Pi-Ramesses was built on the banks of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. With a population of over 300,000, it was one of the largest cities of ancient Egypt. Pi-Ramesses flourished for more than a century after Ramesses death, and poems were written about its splendour. According to the latest estimates, the city was spread over about 18 km&sup2; or around 6 km long by 3 km wide. Its layout, as shown by ground-penetrating radar, consisted of a huge central temple, a large precinct of mansions bordering the river in the west set in a rigid grid pattern of streets, and a disorderly collection of houses and workshops in the east. The palace of Ramesses is believed to lie beneath the modern village of Qantir. An Austrian team of archaeologists headed by Manfred Bietak, who discovered the site, found evidence of many canals and lakes and have described the city as the Venice of Egypt. A surprising discovery in the excavated stables were small cisterns located adjacent to each of the estimated 460 horse tether points. Using mules, which are the same size as the horses of Ramesses day, it was found a double tethered horse would naturally use the cistern as a toilet leaving the stable floor clean and dry.</p><br>
<p>It was originally thought the demise of Egyptian authority abroad during the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt made the city less significant, leading to its abandonment as a royal residence. It is now known that the Pelusiac branch of the Nile began silting up c. 1060 BCE, leaving the city without water when the river eventually established a new course to the west now called the Tanitic branch. The Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt moved the city to the new branch establishing Djanet (Tanis) on its banks, 100 km to the north-west of Pi-Ramesses as the new capital of Lower Egypt. The Pharaohs of the Twenty-first Dynasty transported all the old Ramesside temples, obelisks, stelae, statues and sphinxes from Pi-Ramesses to the new site. The obelisks and statues, the largest weighing over 200 tons, were transported in one piece while major buildings were dismantled into sections and reassembled at Tanis. Stone from the less important buildings was reused and recycled for the creation of new temples and buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Biblical Ramesses</h2><br>
<p>The biblical Book of Exodus mentions "Ramesses" as one of the cities on whose construction the Israelites were forced to labour and from where they departed on their Exodus journey ( and ). Understandably, this Ramesses was identified by biblical archaeologists of the nineteenth century with the Pi-Ramesses of Ramesses II. Still earlier, the 10th-century Bible exegete Rabbi Saadia Gaon, believed that the biblical site of Ramesses had to be identified with Ain Shams. When the 21st Dynasty moved the capital to Tanis, Pi-Ramesses was largely abandoned and the old capital became a quarry for ready-made monuments, but it was not forgotten: its name appears in a list of 21st Dynasty cities, and it had a revival under Shishaq, usually identified with the historical pharaoh Shoshenq ISagrillo, Troy Leiland. 2015. “Shoshenq I and biblical Šîšaq: A philological defense of their traditional equation.” In Solomon and Shishak: Current perspectives from archaeology, epigraphy, history and chronology; proceedings of the third BICANE colloquium held at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge 26–27 March, 2011, edited by P. J. James, P. G. van der Veen, and R. M. Porter. British Archaeological Reports (International Series) 2732. Oxford: Archaeopress. 61–81.</p><br>
<p>of the 22nd Dynasty (10th century BCE), who tried to emulate the achievements of Ramesses. The existence of the city as Egypt&#39;s capital as late as the 10th century BCE makes problematic the reference to Ramesses in the Exodus story as a memory of the era of Ramesses II; and indeed, the shortened form "Ramesses", in place of the original Pi-Ramesses, is first found in 1st millennium BCE texts.</p><br>
<p>The Bible describes Ramesses as a "store-city". The exact meaning of the Hebrew phrase is not certain, but some have suggested that it refers to supply depots on or near the frontier. This would be an appropriate description for Pithom (Tel El Maskhuta) in the 6th century BCE, but not for the royal capital in the time of Ramesses, when the nearest frontier was far off in the north of Syria. Only after the original royal function of Pi-Ramesses had been forgotten could the ruins have been re-interpreted as a fortress on Egypt&#39;s frontier.</p><br>
<p>The Smithville Seminary was a Freewill Baptist institution established in 1839 on what is now Institute Lane in Smithville-North Scituate, Rhode Island. Renamed the Lapham Institute in 1863, it closed in 1876. The site was then used as the campus of the Pentecostal Collegiate Institute and later the Watchman Institute, and is now the Scituate Commons apartments. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Campus</h2><br>
<p>The buildings on the knoll were built in 1839 and comprised a large three-story central building with columns and two wings. The wings, with 33 rooms each, were separated by 20 feet from the main building and connected to it via two-story covered passageways. The central building housed classrooms, offices, staff apartments, and dining facilities, a library and reading room on the second floor, and a large room on the third floor which might serve as a chapel, while the other two buildings served as separate male and female dormitories. The two-mile-long Lake Moswansicut could be seen from the third-floor chapel. The buildings were designed by Russell Warren, the leading Greek Revival architect in New England in the 20th century,</p><br>
<p>After the close of the renamed Lapham Institute, the campus became the site of the Pentecostal Collegiate Institute from 1902 to 1919 and, eventually, the Watchman Institute in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The site became part of the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Smithville Seminary was founded in 1839 by the Rhode Island Association of Free Baptists. At the time, the Free Baptists already had two academies, one in New Hampshire (the New Hampton Institute), the other in Maine (Parsonsfield Seminary), and the Rhode Island Baptists desired to have one of their own. Reverend Hiram Brooks was asked to start the school, and raised $20,000, all of which he put toward buildings. Sadly, the entire commitment of these monies to brick and mortar rather than an endowment fund may have caused financial difficulties for the institution, as it was unable to support itself through tuition revenue.</p><br>
<p>The first principal was Rev. Hosea Quimby, who had come from the Maine academy to serve at Smithville. Quimby worked for the school, even buying the property when financial trouble struck, until in closed temporarily in 1854 with only 20 students (in 1845, it had an enrollment of over 300 representing 7 USA states). It was revived the next year when Quimby rented the property to a Samuel P. Coburn, who became principal, and enrollment again reached over 100 that year. The property was sold to Reverend W. Colgrove in 1857, who operated it for another two years before it closed again, this time for three years.</p><br>
<p>The site of Henry Barnard’s first Rhode Island Teachers Institute in 1845, the school began giving normal instruction for teachers with public funding in 1867, but ceased in 1871 when the state&#39;s Education Commissioner re-established the Rhode Island Normal School and cut program funding for other institutions.</p><br>
<p>In 1863 the school changed hands and changed its name after a minister and former professor at the school, returned in 1861 to find much of the campus dilapidated and in disrepair. With the Free Baptist Association unwilling or unable to help, William Winsor recruited Congressman Benedict Lapham, after whom the new Lapham Institute was named.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its connections to what would later become Rhode Island College, the school had connections to Bates College in Maine, another Free Baptist institution. Its first principal, Benjamin F. Hayes, was called to a professorship at Bates, and his successor, Thomas L. Angell, was also called to a professorship there after two years as principal in North Scituate. George H. Ricker then took over as principal for seven years before being called to Hillsdale College in Michigan in 1874. His successor was Arthur G. Moulton, a trustee of Bates, who died just over a year after taking the position. He was followed as principal by W.S. Stockbridge, under whom the school finally closed in 1876. William Winsor was the last benefactor of the Institute, and when no one replaced him, the school went bankrupt without an endowment to support it. In 1883 Winsor donated the library of the Lapham Institute to the Greenville Public Library.At the General Assembly of the State of Rhode-Island and Providence..., (1881) pg 263 https://books.google.com/books?id=cb04AAAAIAAJ</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>James Burrill Angell, President of the University of Michigan, University of Vermont</p><br>
<p>Thomas L. Angell, Professor at Bates College</p><br>
<p>Lewis Boss, astronomer, director of Dudley Observatory</p><br>
<p>George T. Day, pastor, writer, professor</p><br>
<p>Henry Howard, Governor of Rhode Island 1873-1875</p><br>
<p>Oscar Lapham, USA Congressman</p><br>
<p>The First Reformed Church, historically known as the Dutch Reformed Church, is located in New Brunswick, New Jersey on 160 Neilson Street. It is adjacent to the First Reformed Churchyard. The education building is located next to the sanctuary building with the street address being 9 Bayard Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was formed in 1717. The church building was constructed in 1812. In 1971 the church was set on fire.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh, first President of Queen&#39;s College (now Rutgers University)</p><br>
<p>Ira Condict, third President of Queen&#39;s College (now Rutgers University)</p><br>
<p>Theodore Frelinghuysen, United States Senator from New Jersey, seventh President of Queen&#39;s College (now Rutgers University)</p><br>
<p>The Wanshan Archipelago , sometimes referred to as the Ladrones Islands , is a 104-island archipelago that is part of the Xiangzhou District of Zhuhai Municipality in Guangdong Province, People&#39;s Republic of China.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Most of the islands of the archipelago are in the Wanshan Marine Development Experimental Zone which consist of three towns: Guishan Town, Dan&#39;gan Town and Wanshan Town.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The islands are situated in the South China Sea, to the south of the opening of the Pearl River estuary and Hong Kong.</p><br>
<p>The Wanshan Islands also include some islands in Hong Kong and Macau, such as Hong Kong Island and Lantau Island in Hong Kong, Taipa-Coloane Island in Macau.</p><br>
<p>The archipelago includes several groups of islands. On the older European maps, the western group, located south of the Pearl River estuary and Hong Kongs island of Lantau, and including the Greater Wanshan Island (Dawanshan Dao), Guishan Dao, Zhizhou Liedao group, Wai Dangling Dao, Sanmen Liedao group, and Aizhou Liedao group, was known as the Ladrones Islands (that is, "Thieves Islands", in Spanish or Portuguese). The eastern chain of islands, located south of Hong Kong, was known in the West as the Lema Islands; today, the western half of this chain is known as Jiapeng Liedao, and the eastern half as Dangan Liedao.</p><br>
<p>The largest island, Dangan, features mountainous terrain similar to Hong Kong.</p><br>
<h3>List of islands</h3><br>
<p>Islands of the archipelago include:</p><br>
<p>Dangan Liedao (note: not Dang&#39;an), the eastern group of Wanshan archipelago, and the eastern half of the former Lema Islands chain</p><br>
<p>Dangan Dao, 13.2 km in area and the largest of the islands; 200 permanent residents</p><br>
<p>Erzhou Dao, 8.15 km</p><br>
<p>Zhiwan Dao, 4.5 km</p><br>
<p>Xidan Dao, 0.85 km</p><br>
<p>Jiapeng Liedao, the southern group of Wanshan archipelago, and the western half of the former Lema Islands chain</p><br>
<p>Eyan Shi Dao (, O-yen Shih). A 39m high islet about 1 mile north of Beijian Dao.</p><br>
<p>Beijian Dao, 3.17 km. Two peaks rising almost perpendicularly to a height of 300m on the southwestern end of the island, are known as Asses&#39; Ears.</p><br>
<p>Miaowan Dao, 1.46 km in area. 240m high. It has a small population of fishermen.</p><br>
<p>Shan Zhou, 0.16 km</p><br>
<p>Wanzhou Dao</p><br>
<p>Ping Zhou, 0.144 km</p><br>
<p>Wenwei Zhou (, also Gap Rock in English), 0.022 km. The small island is in the form of two hillocks, about 80 to 100 feet high, and the island derives its English name from the gap between them. The Gap Rock Lighthouse on the island was built to serve as a navigation aid to vessels sailing to Hong Kong. It was built by a Hong Kong contractor and partly funded by the Imperial Qing Government for both construction and maintenance costs. It came into operation in 1892 and was restored in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Southwestern group, apparently without a general name</p><br>
<p>Dawanshan Dao, 8.07 km. The seat of Wanshan Town of Zhuhai is located on the island</p><br>
<p>Xiaowanshan Dao, 4.35 km.</p><br>
<p>Baili Dao, 7.94 km</p><br>
<p>Dong&#39;ao Dao, 4.62 km in area with population of 500. Club Med opened a holiday resort on the island in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Heng Zhou, 0.54 km</p><br>
<p>Zhu Zhou, 1.66 km</p><br>
<p>Gui Zhou, 0.32 km</p><br>
<p>Dalie Dao, 0.36 km</p><br>
<p>Huangmao Dao, 1.08 km</p><br>
<p>Central group, apparently without a general name; located south of Lantau</p><br>
<p>Wai Lingding Dao, 3.7 km in area and a tourist attraction with natural sites and temples. The seat of Dan&#39;gan Town of Zhuhai is located on the island</p><br>
<p>Sanmen Liedao</p><br>
<p>Sanmen Dao, 0,98 km</p><br>
<p>Yuangang Dao, 0.016 km</p><br>
<p>Zhuwantou Dao, 0.33 km</p><br>
<p>Henggang Dao, 0.74 km</p><br>
<p>Aizhou Liedao</p><br>
<p>Ai Zhou, 1.2 km</p><br>
<p>Ai Zhou Zi, 0.6 km</p><br>
<p>Northwestern group, apparently without a general name; located between Lantau and Macau</p><br>
<p>Zhizhou Liedao</p><br>
<p>Dazhi Zhou, 1.67 km</p><br>
<p>Xiaozhi Zhou, 1.2 km</p><br>
<p>Guishan Dao - formerly PLA base from the 1950s. The seat of Guishan Town of Zhuhai is located on the island</p><br>
<p>Niutou Dao, 1.1 km. Connected by a road to Guishan Dao</p><br>
<p>Zhongxin Zhou, 0.6 km</p><br>
<p>Chitou Dao, 0.17 km</p><br>
<p>Sanjiaoshan Dao, 0.82 km</p><br>
<p>Qing Zhou</p><br>
<p>Sanjiao Zhou</p><br>
<p>Dalu Dao</p><br>
<p>Datou Zhou</p><br>
<p>Other geographically important points of interest:</p><br>
<p>Lema Channel is a major waterway in the archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Dahengqin Dao is an island off Macau and not part of this archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Erzhou, rising to 437.7m above sea level, is the highest point in the archipelago</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>There is a small local population, mostly in small fishing villages:</p><br>
<p>Dangan</p><br>
<p>Danganwei</p><br>
<p>Nacun</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The archipelagos economy is mainly fisheries (crystal prawn, peeler crab). There is a growing tourism industry with a focus on history, beaches, and the natural beauty of the islands. About 350,000 tourists visit the islands annually. Club Med opened a holiday resort on Dongao in 2014.</p><br>
<p>There is also potential for petroleum extraction in the waters off the islands.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist sites</h2><br>
<p>Tourist sites of Wanshan Archipelago include:</p><br>
<p>Dong&#39;ao: Blundbuss Tower; Son-Soliciting Springs</p><br>
<p>Dangan: Dangan Village</p><br>
<p>Guishan: Monument to the Martyrs of Guishan Warship; Wen Tianxiang Park</p><br>
<p>Miaowan: Xiafeng Bay, a coral beach adjacent to the fishing village.</p><br>
<p>Wanshan: A-Ma Temple; Floating Cobbles Bay</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Ferry service from Zhuhai to Guishan, Wai Lingding, Dangan, Dongao and Wanshan</p><br>
<p>Fast/Slow Ferry service to Guishan, Wai Lingding, Xiangzhou</p><br>
<p>Sightseeing Ferryboats from Zhuhai</p><br>
<p>Coindre Hall, originally called West Neck Farm, is a 40 room, 80,000 ft&sup2; mansion in the style of a medieval French château constructed in 1912 for pharmaceutical magnate George McKesson Brown. It overlooks 34 acre of rolling land including a boathouse on the north shore of Long Island adjacent to Long Island Sound. Brown lost ownership of the property after the stock market crash of 1929. At the request of Bishop Monsignor Thomas Molly, the Brothers of the Sacred Heart bought this property to establish a boarding school and summer retreat. It was founded in 1939 by Brother Martinian, S.C., Provincial Superior, and was named in memory of Father André Coindre, the founder of the Brothers of the Sacred Heart. The school was intended to generate funds for the formation and education of young Brothers. It operated under the supervision of the Brothers who have been active in Christian Education in the United States since 1847.</p><br>
<p>The school operated until 1971. It later reopened until the mid-1980s as "Eagle Hill School," a private coeducational boarding school for students with learning disabilities. Currently there is a gym that hosts soccer and basketball.</p><br>
<p>Since 1973 Coindre Hall Park has been administered by the Suffolk County Department of Parks, Recreation & Conservation. On September 26, 1985 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and dedicated to the Suffolk County Historic Trust. Splashes of Hope www.splashesofhope.org has art studio space upstairs through a work-exchange program with the County. The mansion is often used for hosting weddings and unique catered events exclusively through Lessings Caterers.</p><br>
<p>The Driskill, a Romanesque-style building completed in 1886, is the oldest operating hotel in Austin, Texas, United States, and one of the best-known hotels in Texas generally. The Driskill was conceived and built by Col. Jesse Driskill, a cattleman who spent his fortune constructing "the finest hotel south of St. Louis".</p><br>
<p>The Driskill is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was completed at a cost of $400,000. Its four stories occupied almost half a block, with three arched entryways on the south, east, and north sides. Carved limestone busts of Driskill and his two sons, Bud and Tobe, crowned the hotel on each of these sides. Six million bricks went into the structure, along with limestone features.</p><br>
<p>The hotel&#39;s 60 rooms included 12 corner rooms with attached baths, an almost unheard-of feature in any hotel of the region at that time.</p><br>
<p>The hotel included an open design to encourage airflow throughout the building and keep it cool; its primary feature was an open rotunda at the center that extended from the first to the fourth floors and culminated in a domed skylight.</p><br>
<p>Other embellishments included an electric bell system, marble bureaus and washstands, steam heating, and gas lighting. The gas pipes throughout the building particularly led Driskill to make the hotel as fireproof as possible, with 18-inch-thick walls between the rooms and two layers of iron between each floor. The steam boilers, kitchen, and laundry facilities were relegated to the back (north) side of the hotel to prevent their odors from permeating the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The building was built with a special ladies&#39; entrance that allowed female guests to proceed directly to their rooms, thereby avoiding the rough talk of the cattlemen in the lobby.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jesse Driskill, a successful cattle baron, had moved to Texas from Missouri in 1849. Flush with cash from his service to the Confederate Army, to which he supplied beef throughout the Civil War, he decided to diversify by constructing a grand hotel in Austin, his adopted hometown. In 1884, Driskill purchased land at the corner of 6th and Brazos for $7,500 and announced his plans. He hired the architectural firm of Jasper N. Preston & Son to design the structure.</p><br>
<p>The hotel enjoyed a grand opening on December 20, 1886, and was featured in a special edition of the Austin Daily Statesman. On January 1, 1887, Governor Sul Ross held his inaugural ball in its ballroom, beginning a tradition for every Texas governor since.</p><br>
<p>Driskill unfortunately did not have the clientele to match the splendor of his four-star hotel. At a time when other hotels were 50 cents to one dollar per night, Driskill charged $2.50 to $5.00 (including meals), an exorbitant sum at what was then still relatively a Wild West town. Following the loss of a great fortune in cattle drives, Driskill was forced to close the hotel in May 1887, less than a year after it opened, when half his staff was poached by the Beach Hotel in Galveston. According to legend, he finally lost the hotel in a game of poker in 1888 to his brother-in-law, Jim "Doc" Day, who became its second owner. Driskill died of a stroke in 1890.</p><br>
<p>The hotel changed hands several times through the turn of the 20th century, and went through boom and bust cycles along with the city of Austin. Local magnate George Littlefield, responsible for other Austin landmarks such as the Littlefield House, obtained the hotel for $106,000 in 1895, and vowed that it would never close again. Littlefield invested over $60,000 in renovations, including ceiling frescoes and 28 additional lavatories, but still sold the hotel at a loss of $25,000 in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The original building was expanded in 1930 with a 13-story tower designed by the El Paso architecture firm, Trost & Trost. During the same renovation, each of the original 60 rooms was converted to include a private bathroom.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, future President Lyndon Johnson met his future wife, Claudia Taylor, for their first date at the Driskill dining room. The Johnsons continued a lifelong love of the Driskill, and stayed there dozens of times during the rest of their lives. It became his campaign headquarters during his congressional career, especially during his famous 1948 Senate race, and became a favorite place on return trips to Austin during his presidency. He watched the results of the 1964 Presidential Election from its presidential suite and addressed supporters from its ballroom after his victory.</p><br>
<p>In a 1950 renovation, air conditioning was added to the building, and the dramatic skylit rotunda was permanently removed.</p><br>
<p>The Driskill was threatened with demolition in 1969, after a planned renovation fell through. Most of its furnishings were sold, and an American-Statesman article declared, "Driskill Hotels Fate Sealed&#39;." The hotel was saved from the wrecking ball at almost the last minute, however, when a nonprofit organization called the Driskill Hotel Corporation raised $900,000.</p><br>
<h3>Braniff International Hotels Purchases Driskill</h3><br>
<p>Braniff International Hotels, Inc., a division of Braniff Airways, Inc., of Dallas, Texas, bought the hotel in 1972, and began a $350,000 USD restoration of the grand lobby of the historic facility. Braniff reopened the hotel to customers on January 15, 1973, to very strong bookings and conference business.</p><br>
<p>Braniff threw a party to celebrate the grand reopening of the Hotel Driskill on February 10, 1973. Over 1000 guests attended the gala event that was hosted by Braniff President C. Edward Acker, Robert H. Burck, Vice President of Public Affairs, and Braniff Hotels President John W. Leer. Guests arrived at the event in beautifully restored antique cars that were reminiscent of the grandeur of the early Hotel Driskill. The highlight of the evening was a Parade of Texas Governors, and/or their descendants, since 1886, when the hotel first opened 87 years earlier.</p><br>
<p>Texas legendary humorist and KLBJ Radio personality, Cactus Jack Pryor, who served as Master of Ceremonies for the special event, introduced the living Texas Governors. Governors Allan Shivers, Price Daniel, Sr., and Preston Smith represented the former Texas Governors who attended the event along with then Governor Dolph Briscoe and Mrs. Briscoe. Each Governor descended the beautiful Driskill stairway with their wife or guest as Cactus Jack announced their arrival.</p><br>
<p>Braniff Executive Chef Willy Rossel and Marriotts Chef Michele created a brilliantly beautiful and sumptuously delicious buffet that was enjoyed by the Whos Who of the State of Texas. The grand reopening ceremonies continued on Sunday, February 11, with a Tea Dance that began at 430PM, and included the music of the Jack Melick Orchestra. The two day event was chaired by Mrs. Bob C. Armstrong, Mrs. Jack Neff, and Mrs. Elaine Mayo. All proceeds from the event went to the Austin Heritage Society who was strategically instrumental in the resurrection of the Hotel Driskill.</p><br>
<h2>Noteworthy Events at the Driskill Hotel</h2><br>
<p>August 31, 1934 - Lyndon Baines Johnson and Lady Bird Claudia Alta Taylor went on their first date at Hotel Driskill, meeting for breakfast in the Driskill Dining Room. The future Mrs. Johnson made Mr. Johnson wait while she pondered outside the hotel whether she wanted to go on the date.</p><br>
<p>November 3, 1964 - President Lyndon Baines Johnson watched the returns of the 1964 Presidential Election in the Jim Hogg Suite. The event was televised nationwide and the hotel later served as the White House Press Center when the President and First Lady were in Texas.</p><br>
<p>March 1991 - The rock band Concrete Blonde penned their hit Ghost of a Texas Ladies Man about the rumored ghosts that haunted Hotel Driskill.</p><br>
<p>November 1997 - The Cattle Baron&#39;s Suite opens with a nightly rate of $2500 USD.</p><br>
<p>President Clinton stayed in the 4 room suite when he visited Austin in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Current History</h2><br>
<p>In 1980, Braniff International leased the management of the Hotel Driskill to Laral Hotels. In May 1982, Braniff International Corporation filed for Chapter 11 Federal Bankruptcy Protection and its subsidiaries including Braniff International Hotels. However, the Driskill, along with Braniffs other subsidiaries Braniff Education Systems, Inc., and Braniff Realty continued to operate during Braniffs bankruptcy proceedings. In 1983, the hotel was spun off by the court into The Driskill Partnership, Inc., and was sold.</p><br>
<p>Braniff emerged from bankruptcy on December 15, 1983, and The Driskill Partnership, Inc. was sold to Lincoln Hotel Corporation. A number of owners have had the privilege of caring for the Driskill. A grand restoration and remodeling was commenced in 1997, and was completed in time for a Millennium Celebration on December 31, 1999. As of 2016, The Driskill Hotel is owned by Hyatt Hotels Group, the former owner of, Inc., also known as Braniff II. The Hyatt Hotels Group, announced it had purchased the hotel on August 8, 2013.</p><br>
<p>The most recent renovation began in 1996 and reached a symbolic conclusion on December 31, 1999, with a grand reopening millennium celebration, though renovation efforts of individual areas have continued since then.</p><br>
<p>The restaurant in the Driskill was used in the movie Miss Congeniality (2000), although it was represented as the restaurant in the St. Regis in New York City.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Driskill remains one of the premier hotels in Texas, featuring lavish bridal suites, two restaurants, and a grand ballroom. It is also well known as one of the most haunted hotels in the United States, featuring a variety of alleged supernatural activity throughout the building, including the spirit of Colonel Driskill himself.</p><br>
<p>On March 8, 2013, the Hyatt Hotels Corporation confirmed that they had purchased the Driskill Hotel. The hotel will be owned and operated by Hyatt, and will remain known as the Driskill.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is located at 604 Brazos Street. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on November 25, 1969.Staff Writer. "."</p><br>
<p>National Register of Historic Places. Accessed January 27, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-01-27.</p><br>
<p>Destrehan Plantation is an antebellum mansion, in the French Colonial style, modified with Greek Revival architectural elements. It is located in southeast Louisiana, near the town of the same name, Destrehan.</p><br>
<p>During the 19th century, the plantation was a major producer of indigo and then sugarcane. The home is most commonly associated with its second owner, Jean-Noël Destréhan, who served briefly as the first United States Senator from Louisiana in 1812. He was influential in the transition of the Orleans Territory to statehood.</p><br>
<p>The house is a unique example of a plantation home outliving the oil refinery that had been built around it. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural quality and association with important people and events in Louisiana history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Robert Antoine Robin de Logny ( -1792)</h3><br>
<p>One of the oldest homes in Louisiana, Destrehan Plantation was constructed beginning in 1787 and completed in 1790, during the period of Spanish rule. Robert Antoine Robin de Logny contracted with Charles Pacquet, a mulatto carpenter, to build a raised house in the West Indies or Creole style, with outbuildings to support his indigo plantation. Pacquet was given the use of six slaves to construct the home. When the work was completed, Charles Pacquet received the following remuneration: "one brute negro," a cow and a calf, 100 bushels each of corn and rice, and $100 in cash. The building contract, still on file at the St. Charles Parish courthouse in Hahnville, makes the Destrehan Plantation house the oldest documented house in the lower Mississippi River Valley.</p><br>
<h3>Jean-Noël Destréhan (1754–1823)</h3><br>
<p>Upon Robin de Logny&#39;s death in December 1792, the plantation was purchased at auction by his son-in-law, Jean Noël Destréhan, who had married Marie-Claude Céleste Eléonore Robin de Logny (1770–1824), in 1786. The Destréhans had a total of 14 children, which required the addition of two semi-detached wings, or garçonnières, for their sons and the enclosure of the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>In the 1790s due to crop failures and indigo blight, Destréhan began cultivating sugarcane, after his brother-in-law, Étienne de Boré, perfected the granulation of sugar to make it a profitable cash crop. Destrehan Plantation became the leading sugar producer in St. Charles Parish in 1803.</p><br>
<p>After the Louisiana Purchase, when the former colony had become a USA territory, the Destrehan Plantation was involved in a major slave revolt, the 1811 German Coast Uprising. Jean-Noël Destrehan was appointed to the parish tribunal by Judge Pierre Bauchet St. Martin, as one of five or six men who were to interrogate the accused rebels.</p><br>
<p>Three swift trials were conducted, one in St. John the Baptist Parish, one at Destrehan Plantation (St. Charles Parish), and the third in New Orleans (Orleans Parish). Local justice was yet based on the traditional French system, which did not provide for a fair and impartial trial or an opportunity for appeal of a court&#39;s ruling. (In addition, the judges were slave owners.)</p><br>
<p>The Destrehan tribunal resulted in the immediate execution of eighteen rebels (reportedly by firing squad), including at three of Jean-Noël&#39;s former slaves.</p><br>
<h3>Stephen Henderson (1773–1838)</h3><br>
<p>Ownership changed again after Jean-Noël Destréhans death in 1823. Two years later, his son-in-law Stephen Henderson bought the plantation from the estate. Henderson was an immigrant from Scotland, who had arrived in the United States penniless but became an extremely wealthy entrepreneur. In 1816, he had married Marie Eléonore "Zelia" Destréhan, who was 16 years old at the time of her marriage; Henderson was 42. Destrehan Plantation was Zelias childhood home. Zelia died in 1830, childless; and a grief-stricken Henderson died eight years later.</p><br>
<p>Henderson&#39;s will was quite controversial in its time, as it stipulated that all his slaves be freed; and for those that desired, they would be given transport to Liberia. For those who stayed, a factory was to be set up for the freed slaves to manufacture shoes and clothes, and 25 years after his death a city was to be laid out on the grounds of the plantation and named Dunblane. The family contested the will; and after 12 years in litigation and an appeal to the Louisiana Supreme Court, the will was set aside based on a legal technicality.</p><br>
<h3>Pierre Adolphe Rost (1797–1868)</h3><br>
<p>Pierre Adolphe Rost, a justice on the Louisiana Supreme Court from 1845 to 1853, purchased the plantation from the Henderson estate in 1839. He and his wife, Louise Odile Destréhan, another daughter of Jean-Noël Destréhan, began to remodel the house in the then-popular Greek Revival style. Doors and windows were trimmed in Greek Revival details, the wood columns of the façade were encased in plastered brick, and the rear gallery was enclosed to create an entrance foyer. Also, removed from the rear gallery, winding staircases were re-installed in the center hall; and on the exterior, the stucco was scored to resemble stone.</p><br>
<p>Upon the advent of the American Civil War, Rost offered his services to the Confederate States of America and was assigned as the C.S.A.s diplomatic representative in Spain, where he stayed with his family for most of the war. After the Civil War ended in 1865, the plantation was seized by the Freedmens Bureau, and the Rost Home Colony was established. The plan was for the freedmen to have access to medical and educational aid, in addition to working for wages or for a portion of the harvested crops. The Rost Home Colony was the most successful of those created in Louisiana and provided a profit to the Bureau.</p><br>
<p>Also in 1865, Pierre Rost returned from Europe, with a pardon from President Andrew Johnson, and demanded his property back. The Colony existed for an additional year, paying Rost rent, with the last colonist departing in December 1866.</p><br>
<p>Pierre Rost died in 1868 and his wife and son, Emile Rost, continued to live at Destrehan Plantation. Emile Rost sold the plantation in 1910, to the Destrehan Planting and Manufacturing Company, ending family ownership of the estate after 123 years.</p><br>
<h3>American Oil Company</h3><br>
<p>In 1914, the Mexican Petroleum Company, a predecessor of American Oil Company, bought the property and built an oil refinery. The company tore down the ancillary buildings around the manor house and built employee housing. The mansion itself was used in a variety of ways including as a clubhouse. In 1959, American Oil tore down the refinery, abandoning the site; the following 12 years brought rapid decay for Destrehan Plantation house.</p><br>
<p>Due in part to an old legend that the privateer Jean Lafitte had hidden treasure in the house, treasure-seekers left gaping holes in the walls. Vandals also stripped the building of its Italian-marble mantels, cypress paneling, Spanish-style ceramic tiles, and glass window panes. Fortunately, a local sheriff prevented the theft of the plantation&#39;s original 1840s iron entrance gates and a 1,400 lb marble bathtub, rumored to be a gift from Napoleon Bonaparte to the family.</p><br>
<h3>River Road Historical Society</h3><br>
<p>In 1971, American Oil donated the house and 4 acre of land to the River Road Historical Society, a nonprofit organization. The oil company continued its support in 1990 by donating monies for the installation of a fire sprinkler system and new roof, as well as gifting an additional 12.8 acre of surrounding land.</p><br>
<p>Through its volunteer efforts, the historical society was able to raise sufficient funds to halt the process of decay at the former plantation, restoring the house and grounds to their former beauty. Recent efforts have focused on authentically re-creating the plantation community which would have surrounded the manor house.</p><br>
<p>Destrehan Plantation is open daily for guided tours, which interpret the lives of the plantation&#39;s former residents — both free and enslaved. Period crafts such as dyeing with indigo, candle-making, and open-hearth cooking are demonstrated on most days.</p><br>
<h2>Destrehan Plantation in popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Destrehan Plantation was used as a location in the following feature films:</p><br>
<p>Interview with the Vampire (1994)</p><br>
<p>12 Years a Slave (2013)</p><br>
<p>Clunia  was an ancient Roman city. Its remains are located on Alto de Castro, at more than 1000 metres above sea level, between the villages of Peñalba de Castro and Coruña del Conde, 2 km away from the latter, in the province of Burgos in Spain. It was one of the most important Roman cities of the northern half of Hispania and, from the 1st century BC, served as the capital of a conventus iuridici in the province Hispania Tarraconensis, called Conventus Cluniensis. It was located on the road that led from Caesaraugusta  to Asturica Augusta . The city declined during the 3rd century and was largely abandoned by the Visigothic era.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The city of Clunia was founded on a mount a short distance from a Celtiberian settlement called Cluniaco, or Kolounioukou, belonging to the Arevaci, a Pre-Roman tribe that belonged to the family of Celtiberians.</p><br>
<p>Clunia was built from scratch. Unlike other sites conquered by the Romans, Clunia did not occupy the site of an earlier city or town. Clunia boasted two public baths, a basilica, a forum, many taverns and shops,a theater, and a large temple dedicated to Jupiter.</p><br>
<h3>Apogee</h3><br>
<p>From Livy, we know that the site was besieged by Pompey in his fight against Sertorius in 75 BC; Pompey was forced to leave Clunia partly due to weather conditions there. After resistance by Sertorius, Pompey finally destroyed what existed of Clunia in 72 BC. Clunia fell under the control of the Vacceos in 56 BC, but subsequently fell again under Roman control, as did the rebelling Vacceos and Arevaci.</p><br>
<p>Years later, the city was formally founded ex novo during the time of Emperor Tiberius, as part of the Roman plan to pacify the region after the Cantabrian Wars. It was first granted the status of municipium, and minted small coinage, asses and dupondi, on which appear the local quattuorviri, who were in charge of their minting.</p><br>
<p>The city acquired, possibly during the reign of Galba or Hadrian, the status of colonia and the epithet of Sulpicia after Sulpicius Galba, governor of Hispania, proclaimed himself emperor, and who in 68 AD took refuge in Clunia during the anti-Neronian revolution. At this town he received news of the death of the emperor and the announcement of his own elevation as emperor by the Roman Senate (because of this some essayist added the epithet of Galba to the name of the city). He traveled to Rome from Clunia. During the reign of Servius Sulpicius Galba, Clunia was the capital of the Empire.</p><br>
<p>The splendor of the Roman city of Clunia was extended during the 1st and 2nd century AD, the same as other cities of the northern plateau of Hispania such as Asturica Augusta or Iuliobriga, located in the provinces of León and Cantabria, respectively. During its maximum apogee, it is calculated that the city of Clunia came to have around 30,000 inhabitants.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>During the 3rd century, a gradual depopulation of the urban nucleus took place which was connected with the crisis of the 3rd century and the incipient decline of the Western Roman Empire.</p><br>
<p>It is evident that there were Barbarian invasions into Clunia. In fact, it is verified that, towards the end of the 3rd century, the city was burned by Barbarian tribes.</p><br>
<p>These invasions, as well as economic instability, may have contributed to the inexorable decline of Clunia. Nevertheless, it does not appear that there was a violent and general destruction; in any event, this preludes the end of the Roman cultural influence in the city of Clunia and its surroundings. Excavations reveal destroyed urban areas in Clunia, which were not rebuilt at the end of the 3rd century. Some limited reconstruction took place during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine, but large parts of the city were uninhabited by the 7th century, during the Visigothic era.</p><br>
<p>The full conquest of Visigothic Hispania by the Muslims, the city and its surroundings were conquered by the troops of the Berber general Tariq ibn-Ziyad during the year 713. Later, Christians repopulated the city in 912, locating their city on the site that the current Coruña del Conde occupies, located where many Roman ruins from the city of Clunia can be seen.</p><br>
<p>Later, the village of Peñalba de Castro was built, which received the meseta of the enclave of Clunia in exchange for water in a time when the value of water was more valuable than the few ruins not yet buried that remained of the abandoned Roman city.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological remains</h2><br>
<p>Clunia constitutes an archaeological enclave of exceptional interest in a collection of the Iberian Peninsula. This interest is determined by its urban morphology and by the cultural sequence of the findings that it provides. Also, its ruins are the most representative of all the ones that have been found of the Roman period in the north of the Iberian Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological excavations in the deposit began in 1915. The work resumed in 1931 and 1958, bringing to light the glorious past of one of the principal cities of Hispania whose extension — judging by the archaeological excavation — neared 1.2 square kilometres, this being one of the largest cities of all of Roman Hispania. The excavations permitted the discovery —after centuries of being hidden— a theater excavated into rock, various domus with mosaics, streets, ruins of the buildings of the forum and a great cloaca, just as important sculptural findings, like an effigy of Isis and a torso of Dionysus, which are preserved at the National Archaeological Museum of Spain and in that of Burgos, including a large quantity of coins, epigraphic ruins, Roman ceramics such as Samian ware, glass and bronze objects.</p><br>
<h2>Urban morphology</h2><br>
<p>As in every city, the majority of the space developed in Clunia was occupied by dwellings. The archaeological excavations have permitted the following of the evolution of the domestic town planning and verify some of its most characteristic features.</p><br>
<p>In the archaeological deposit, the following buildings can be observed:</p><br>
<h3>Theater</h3><br>
<p>The most significant ruin is the theater, one of the largest of its time in Hispania, it was excavated into rock, and had a capacity of 10,000 spectators. It had the purpose of serving for the interpretation of theatrical acts of the Classical period. Its recuperation has merited the award in the section of Restoration and Rehabilitation given by the biannual Awards of Architecture of Castile and León of 2004–2005. The panel of judges highlighted "the respectful recuperation of the theater and the general landscaping treatment."</p><br>
<h3>Forum</h3><br>
<p>The center of Romana cities, where the cardo maximus and decumanus maximus crossed, frequently receiving the forum of the city, a public square surrounded by porticos. In it political, commercial, judicial and, habitually, also religious, activities unfolded. In Clunia, the forum is not very far from the theater, in whose environs the ruins of three domus stand out, a basilica and a macellum (market). The mosaics grab the attention, the subterranean habitations and the systems of heating of some of these homes. On top of the market in the 17th century, a hermitage of limited artistic value was built, damaging the deposits.</p><br>
<h3>Thermae</h3><br>
<p>With the Roman forum are the ruins of the Roman thermae, of great dimensions and covered in mosaics somewhat simpler than that of the homes of the forum. Here also is very visible the system of heating of the different thermae rooms, the hypocaust.</p><br>
<h3>Other buildings</h3><br>
<p>In the subsoil of the city, where no visiting is allowed due to its fragility, are the very interesting systems of water supply and a priapic sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>The Hajigak Pass  is situated at a height of 3,700 m above sea-level in the northern part of Maidan Wardak province, connecting it with Bamyan province to the northwest. It is one of the two main routes from Kabul to Bamyan in central Afghanistan, leading across the Koh-i-Baba range.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>The two main routes from Kabul to Bamyan are from the south via Maidan Wardak and the Hajigak Pass, and from the north via Parwan and the Shibar Pass. The journey via the Shibar Pass is approximately 6 and half hours long covering around 237 km long. The Shibar pass is still preferred over the Hajigak pass on safety grounds, because in the harsh climate of the area the Hajigak remain covered with snow during most of the year.</p><br>
<p>The Hajigak route leaves Kabul from Kote Sangi, about 1 km west of Kabul University, and follows the paved highway to Ghazni west and then south into Maidan Wardak province. There the route leaves the Ghazni highway, turning right to head west through Maidan Shar, the capital of Maidan Wardak province. It continues through Jalrez, Sarchashman, Sia Sang, and Duz Qol, before crossing the Unai Pass to Gardan Diwal, where the route again turns to the right to head north, and finally start the climb to the Hajigak Pass proper.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous villages in this sparsely populated, rugged area. The greenness of the trees and the clearness of the air in the valleys greet tourists who travel to Bamyan. In the fall and spring large camel caravans add their particular color and excitement to the scene.</p><br>
<p>The major wildlife is lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) which are often seen squatting in large groups beside the road. These very large birds are also known as Bearded Vultures for they have very noticeable, rather comical goatees. Having a passion for bone marrow, they have been seen to carry animal bones to a height and carefully drop them onto rocks to crack them so that they can feast upon the marrow with greedy delight.</p><br>
<h2>Railway projects</h2><br>
<p>In May 2016, India, Iran and Afghanistan signed an agreement to develop two births at Port of Chabahar, build the new Chabahar-Zahedan railway as part of North–South Transport Corridor by linking it with Trans-Iranian Railway, invest up to INR 1 lakh crore (US$14 billion) in the Chabahar Special Economic zone by building gas and urea plant as well as other industries, this will also be linked with.</p><br>
<p>The Methana volcano peninsula is situated approximately 50 km southwest of Athens in Greece.</p><br>
<h2>Geological history</h2><br>
<p>The Methana (Μέθανα) peninsula contains some 32 volcanoes, including the Methana volcano, that are mostly andesitic and dacitic lava domes. The volcanic activity in the peninsula began 1 million years ago and continued sporadically until 300 years ago. The last eruptions took place in 1700 at a submarine volcano north of Kameni Chora. On land there is also the historic lava dome of Kameni Chora that erupted in 230 BC.In August 1922 there were numerous reports of an possible eruption in the Kaimeno Vouno crater, however this still remains unconfirmed. Methana is in the northwestern part of the group of Cycladic volcanoes that are considered active (Milos, Santorini and Nisyros). The rocks are mostly dacites and andesites. On Methana there are thermal springs and mofettes (gas exhalations). Methana is cut by many tectonic faults, and so it is an area in high danger of earthquakes. The major fault cuts the town of Methana from west to east.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological history</h2><br>
<p>The Methana peninsula has been inhabited since about 10,000 BC. The first settlements were founded about 6000 BC. Excavations have brought to light a village and sanctuary from Mycenaean times near the town of Methana at the chapel of Sts. Constantine & Helen. Items dating from about 1500–1200 BC are preserved in the museums of Poros island and in Piraeus city. There were ancient sanctuaries in Geometric times, about 800–700 BC, such as the Geometric temple near Kounoupitsa village. There are also two ancient acropoleis (Paliocastro acropolis and Oga acropolis) and many ancient farm sites. The ancient writers Ovid, Strabo and Pausanias described the historic eruption of the volcano dome near the village of Kameni Chora in the northwestern part of the Methana peninsula. Pausanias also described hot springs after the eruption. Later there were many new buildings and sanctuaries founded near the village Vathy, at the Paliocastro hill and around it. Methana was also the site of a Phoenician base called Arsinoe.</p><br>
<p>Zama Lake is a large lake in the Mackenzie County, in north-western Alberta, Canada.</p><br>
<p>It is located approximately 100 km west of High Level, at the confluence of Zama River and Hay River. The lake covers 55 km&sup2; and forms an intricate river, lakes and wetland system. The Hay-Zama Lakes complex is a Ramsar site for its importance to spring and fall migrating ducks and geese. As many as 250,000 ducks and geese use the lakes during the fall migration.</p><br>
<p>The name derives from Zamba, a Dene Tha Indian Chief.</p><br>
<p>A small hamlet, Zama City is located approximately 50 km north of the lake and the indian reserve Chateh of the Dene Tha&#39; Nation is also located south of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Zama Lake is constantly mentioned by Tony Fell in his lectures on library cataloguing at MacEwan University.</p><br>
<p>The Carcarañá River  is a river in Argentina. It is born at the confluence of the Río Tercero and the Saladillo River  in the south-east of the province of Córdoba  and flows eastward into the province of Santa Fe, which it crosses.</p><br>
<p>In Santa Fe the river first turns south, then east and finally north-east, passing by the city of Carcarañá. It receives the waters of the Cañada de Gómez (near the city of the same name, at 32&deg;51&prime;S latitude, 61&deg;9&prime;W longitude), develops cascades and becomes constrained within ravines up to 20 m high. It then turns north and empties into the Coronda River (Río Coronda) or Riacho Coronda), south of Gaboto. The Coronda empties into the Paraná River about 7 km below the mouth of the Carcarañá, at 32&deg;30&prime;5&Prime;S latitude, 60&deg;47&prime;45&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>The Carcarañá basin comprises 2 percent of the territory of Santa Fe and 4 percent of its population lives within it. It has a total length of 240 km and it is navigable only by medium ships. It passes by or near the cities and towns of Inriville, Los Surgentes and Cruz Alta in Córdoba, and Arteaga, San José de la Esquina, Los Nogales, Arequito, Los Molinos, Casilda, Carcarañá, Andino and Gaboto in Santa Fe, traversing one of the richest agricultural districts in the world.</p><br>
<p>The Carcarañá&#39;s potential for the generation of hydroelectricity was taken advantage of since the 19th century and until the 1930s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mouth of the Carcarañá River was the location of the first European settlement in the Río de la Plata region and present-day Argentina. In 1527 Sebastian Cabot, a Venetian at the service of Spain, established the Sancti Spiritus Fort there. Years later this was also the meeting point of Juan de Garay, founder of the city of Santa Fe, and the envoy of Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera, founder of Córdoba.</p><br>
<p>Millwood Lake is a reservoir in southwestern Arkansas, United States. It is located 9 mi from Ashdown. The lake is formed from the damming of the point where the Little River and the Saline River meet.</p><br>
<h2>Statistics</h2><br>
<p>Lake statistics</p><br>
<p>Drainage area above the dam: 4,144 square miles</p><br>
<p>Elevation above sea level of the top of flood control pool: 287 ft</p><br>
<p>Elevation above sea level of the top of conservation pool: 259.2 ft</p><br>
<p>Elevation above sea level of the top of inactive pool: 252 ft</p><br>
<p>Surface area of lake at top of flood control pool: 95,200 acre</p><br>
<p>Surface area of lake at top of conservation pool: 29,200 acre</p><br>
<p>Shoreline length at top of conservation pool: 65 mi</p><br>
<p>Dam statistics</p><br>
<p>Length of dam: 17,554 ft</p><br>
<p>Maximum height of dam above streambed: 88 ft</p><br>
<p>Length of spillway: 616 ft</p><br>
<p>Length of non-overflow section: 271 ft</p><br>
<p>Spillway crest gates (13), size: 40 x</p><br>
<p>Outlet conduits (2), size: 5.67 x</p><br>
<p>Water supply pipe (1), diameter: 6 ft</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Lake Millwood is mainly recognized for its beauty and fishing. There are 15 recreational parks around the lake to provide campers with picnic areas, boat ramps, swimming areas, showers, and restrooms. Millwood is a superb place to fish, mainly due to its 35,000 acre of submerged timber that make excellent homes for the many varieties of fish in the lake. Millwood has also been known as one of the best bass fishing lakes in the United States. Every year it is home of many bass fishing tournaments and fishing derbies, all in search of Millwood&#39;s lunker largemouth bass. Other species of fauna around the lake include white-tailed deer, bobwhite quail, squirrel, dove, rabbit, raccoon, armadillo, opossum, fox, mink, and beaver. Boating is also popular in Millwood Lake, but only a little part of the whole surface area of the lake can be used as boating due to the submerged timber that takes up 30,000 acre of the pond. Lake Millwood also has remarkable flora life such as gum, oak, birch, pine, juniper, flowering shrubs, and wildflowers.</p><br>
<p>The Millwood Lake project was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1946, and modified by the Flood Control Act of 1958. The dam and lake was designed and built by the Tulsa District of the Army Corps of Engineers, which still maintains the lakes Beards Bluff recreation center. The projects construction work began in 1961, and was finished for flood control operations in 1966 at a cost of $44,000,000. The lake and dam was dedicated on December 8, 1966. The lake is the key in the general flood reduction system for the Red River below Lake Texoma.</p><br>
<p>Benefits of the lake have been restoring wildlife, providing water to nearby areas, and preventing an estimate of $9,715,000 in flood damage. In Ashdown, Arkansas, the lake supplies their Domtar&#39;s (formerly Georgia Pacific) Communications Paper Division with 50 million gallons of water each day for its operations. The lake also provides drinking water to the city of Texarkana, Arkansas through a water treatment plant located at Ashdown.</p><br>
<p>Ponto Lake is a 347-acre  lake located 2 miles  north and 8 miles  east of Backus, Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>A public access is located on the southeast shore just north of State Highway 84. The Minnesota Dept. of Natural Resources (MNDNR) has classified Minnesota&#39;s lakes into 43 different classes based on physical, chemical and other characteristics. Ponto Lake is in Lake Class 23; lakes in this class generally have hard water, are very deep and clear, and have a low amount of lake area less than 15 feet deep. This lake is managed primarily for walleye and northern pike and secondarily for bluegill, black crappie, largemouth bass, and yellow perch.</p><br>
<p>Ponto Lake has an abundant population of naturally reproducing walleye. The average length of these walleye was 17 inches (43 cm), and the largest sampled was 27 inches (69 cm). Northern pike were also abundant, averaged about 18 inches (46 cm) long, and had a maximum length of 37 inches (94 cm). Ponto Lake has a good population of largemouth bass, and fish up to 16 inches (41 cm) were sampled. Bluegill, black crappie and yellow perch are available for anglers, however numbers sampled in the 2002 assessment were low.</p><br>
<p>The Frankford Arsenal is a former United States Army ammunition plant located adjacent to the Bridesburg neighborhood of Northeast Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, north of the original course of Frankford Creek.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Opened in 1816 on 20 acres of land purchased by President James Madison, it was the center of USA military small-arms ammunition design and development until its closure in 1977. Among the many other products manufactured at the arsenal were fire-control and range-finding instruments, and gauges for these components.</p><br>
<p>With the outbreak of the Civil War, the arsenals commander, Josiah Gorgas, resigned and joined the Confederate States Army in deference to the wishes of his Alabama-born wife and reported to the Confederate capital in Richmond with a large supply of USA Army guns and ammunition. By the end of the war, the arsenal employed over 1,000 workers. It served as a major site for the storage of weapons and artillery pieces; a depot for the repair of artillery, cavalry and infantry equipment; repair and cleaning of small arms and harnesses; the manufacture of percussion powder and Minié balls; and the testing of new forms of gunpowder and time fuses. During the Gettysburg Campaign, the arsenal provided tens of thousands of muskets and vast supplies of ammunition for Pennsylvanias "Emergency Militia" regiments. Among the innovations extensively tested at the Arsenal was the Gatling Gun, an early form of machine gun that saw extensive service in the Indian Wars.</p><br>
<p>During World War I and World War II, the arsenal was again busy with supplying the war efforts, providing a major source of jobs and income for the region. At times, employment reached 22,000.</p><br>
<p>The Frankford Arsenal was an entity unto itself, a virtual city within a city, and contained everything from its own police and fire departments, dining halls, motor pool, and a complete medical facility. The Arsenal was part of the USA Arsenal System -- dedicated military establishments spread throughout the country to perform specific military missions for the Government.</p><br>
<p>From the beginning, the Frankford Arsenal was involved in the design and manufacture of munitions. As military weapons became more complex, the Centers role expanded to cover the development of a whole range of the Armys more advanced weapon systems. The Arsenal contained the world-famous Pitman-Dunn Laboratories along with a number of other R&D departments. Arsenal scientists and engineers designed and developed everything from basic materials to LASER guided ballistics, all produced entirely in-house from the concept phase to the fielding of the equipment. New portable and imbedded computer applications saw the development of the LASER rangefinder, fielded artillery computational machines (FADAC) and radar systems. During the Vietnam War, experiments in caseless ammunition, far-infrared low-light-level technologies, and advanced LASER applications were under development.</p><br>
<p>The labs were supported by a full range of first-class drafting and machine shops scattered throughout the many buildings of the Center. Everything from milling, to electroplating, to multi-layer printed circuit board fabrication could be accomplished by “The Shops”. The Optical Lens Design Facility was one of the finest in the country. The Optical Assembly shop also refurbished field binoculars.</p><br>
<p>Once a newly designed system was manufactured, complete structural and environmental testing was necessary to insure that the device could withstand the rigors of a fielded environment. This was accomplished in the Arsenal’s environmental testing and evaluation facility.</p><br>
<p>As the USA military-industrial complex grew, the Arsenal could no longer compete as a manufacturing entity. More and more of its programs were farmed out to industry. The Arsenal’s functions were eventually transferred to the Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>During the presidential campaign of 1976, vice presidential candidate Walter Mondale stood in front of the Frankford Arsenal and promised that it would remain open. The Carter/Mondale ticket won the election but the promise was not fulfilled; the arsenal closed for USA government use in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Before closing, many custom designs were developed and tested, including the use of aluminum and steel for the manufacture of cartridge cases.</p><br>
<p>The northernmost part of the site was assumed by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission for use as a boat ramp and fishing spot on the Delaware River. The southernmost part is currently being used as a light-industrial and office park.</p><br>
<h2>Munition markings</h2><br>
<p>Each round of ammunition was marked with the headstamp "F A" on its base, denoting that it was produced at the Frankford Arsenal.</p><br>
<p>Early metallic cartridges produced at Frankford were not head-stamped. These were either Martin or Benet primed copper cases. Early cartridges were stamped "F" for Frankford or "R" for rifle or "C" for carbine. Ammunition produced prior to World War I was dated with the numerical month-year headstamp, such as "8 79" or "2 12", indicating August 1879 or February 1912 as date of manufacture.</p><br>
<p>Match-grade 7.62 mm (.308) cartridge cases were manufactured in limited quantities.</p><br>
<p>Cartridges conforming to NATO specifications were marked with the NATO cross (a circle containing a "+").</p><br>
<p>D&#39;Oyly Carte Island is a small private island in the River Thames, England, administratively and historically part of Weybridge near its other inhabited islands and part of Old Shepperton, on the reach above Sunbury Lock, 200m downstream of Shepperton Lock. Before 1890 the island was known as Folly Eyot.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The wooded island is 145m in length and, apart from its two points, 30-45m in width. It is 16.8 mi from Charing Cross, London. Weybridge is the parish and post town. Elmbridge and Surrey County Council are the district and county level local authorities.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The island was, until the eponymous owner bought it, called Folly Eyot. Richard D&#39;Oyly Carte was the producer of the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas from 1875 to 1896 (such as The Mikado), founder of the Savoy Theatre and Royal English Opera House (now the Palace Theatre) in London and a hotelier. He bought the island around 1890, and it acquired his middle name and surname.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Carte intended to use as a special secluded annex, accessible by boat, to his new Savoy Hotel, but a panel of the local magistrates refused to grant him an alcoholic drinks selling licence for the property. Among the famous guests who stayed at Cartes house on the island were the dramatist W. S. Gilbert and the composer Arthur Sullivan. Cartes widow, Helen Carte, sold it to a private owner.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Carte built the main structure on the island, Eyot House, which he used as a residence. It has a large garden, which he and his wife helped to design, surrounded by trees.</p><br>
<p>A small single-span footbridge was built in 1964 to provide access to the house with brutalist railings and gates. This is a very high arch of a single steel box girder with treads. The island has a marina that provides mooring for small boats.</p><br>
<p>The D. H. Lawrence Ranch, as it is now known, was the New Mexico residence of the English novelist D. H. Lawrence for about two years during the 1920s and the only property Lawrence and his wife Frieda ever owned. The 160 acre property, originally named the Kiowa Ranch, is located at 8,600 ft above sea level on Lobo Mountain near San Cristobal in Taos County, about 18 mi northwest of Taos. It is a 4.2 mile drive from the historic marker and turnoff on route NM522 to the gate of the ranch. The University of New Mexico runs opening hours Tuesdays and Thursdays from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. and Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. In the winter months these hours are also in effect, weather permitting.</p><br>
<p>The ranch was briefly owned by Mabel Dodge Luhan, as part of more extensive holdings nearby although it had been occupied by homesteaders and several structures existed on the property dating back to the 1890s. In giving it to Frieda Lawrence (after Lawrence himself declined) in 1924, it became first the summer home of the couple and then Frieda&#39;s home until her death in 1956, at which time she beqeathed it to the University of New Mexico, its present owner (overseen through the, co-chaired through the and ). The Ranch is now placed on the National Register of Historic Places and the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties. It was closed to visitors from 2008 to 2014 for repairs, but re-opened to the public in March 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Lawrence in New Mexico</h2><br>
<p>Lawrence and his wife Frieda received an invitation dated November 1921 from Mabel Dodge Sterne, who had read some of Lawrence&#39;s Sea and Sardinia, excerpts from which had appeared in The Dial, a literary magazine to which Lawrence contributed. Mabel was a wealthy society hostess and arts patron who had taken up residence in Taos and who was to marry Tony Luhan, a Native American from Taos Pueblo, thus becoming Mabel Dodge Luhan in 1923. Traveling via Australia, then to San Francisco, Lawrence and Frieda arrived in Taos in mid-September 1922.</p><br>
<p>After some conflict between the Lawrences and Mabel and Tony, during which the Lawrences moved into one of Tonys guest houses, then into another belonging to friends, He refused, saying, "We cant accept such a present from anybody." However, Frieda accepted, telling Lawrence that "we&#39;ll give Mabel the manuscript" of one of Lawrence’s most well-known novels, Sons and Lovers. The deed was in her name.</p><br>
<p>While the couple spent a relatively short time there, the ranch became the only property that they ever owned during their marriage and it became a place of rest and relaxation, where Lawrence wrote much of his novel, St Mawr and began The Plumed Serpent, during five months of the summer of 1924. Aldous Huxley is known to have visited the Lawrences at the ranch.</p><br>
<p>By October 1924, Lawrence and Frieda left for Mexico and it was while they were in Oaxaca that he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. The couple returned to the US, and by April 1925 they were back at the Ranch where they spent the summer, Lawrence continuing work on the novel which became The Plumed Serpent. However, with his better health and their six-month visa about to expire, Lawrence was determined to return to Europe. They left Taos on September 11, Lawrence&#39;s 40th birthday, and settled in Italy. Although he never returned to New Mexico, in a letter to Brett in December 1929 from Bandol, France Lawrence expressed some interest in doing so: "I really think that I shall try to come back in the spring. I begin to believe that I shall never get well over here."</p><br>
<p>However, D. H. Lawrence died in France on March 2, 1930 and his body was buried near Vence. In 1935, at Friedas request, his remains were exhumed and then cremated and his ashes were brought to the ranch by Angelo Ravagli (Friedas lover and the man who became her third husband in 1934) with the intention that they be buried there.</p><br>
<h2>Memorial</h2><br>
<p>After Lawrence&#39;s death, Frieda returned to the ranch and lived there with Ravagli, who constructed the white plastered 12 ft. x 15 ft. Memorial building in 1934.</p><br>
<p>While some controversy surrounds the issue of what exactly happened to the writer&#39;s ashes after the cremation, it is generally agreed that they were brought to New Mexico and then mixed with concrete to form part of the large memorial stone which was placed in a small covered building on the ranch site, now known as the Lawrence Memorial, although the term "shrine" had been used in the past.</p><br>
<p>At her death in Taos in 1956, Frieda was buried on the ranch property and she bequeathed it to the University of New Mexico at Albuquerque, the present owner. Her grave is located just outside the Memorial building and visible on the left of the picture.</p><br>
<p>A guest book allows visitors to sign in, see who has been there and from where they have traveled. For example, in Spring 1979, the guest book showed the bold, black signature of English novelist "Iris Murdoch, Oxford, England."</p><br>
<p>The was created the end of 2014. "The purpose of the Ranch Initiatives is to preserve the legacy of novelist D.H. Lawrence and his wife, Frieda Lawrence. The Ranch Initiatives program will seek to place the operation of the property on a firm financial basis and to restore and develop the site so that it can support educational, cultural, and research activities for students, faculty, and the greater New Mexico community. This mission honors the directives of Frieda Lawrence’s will, which stipulated that the property be used for educational, cultural, charitable, and recreational purposes."</p><br>
<p>began offering its first set of online workshops in October 2014 to bring awareness to the Ranch. Net proceeds benefit the renovation and promotion of the Ranch. "Rananim" was the utopian society Lawrence wished to create with other writers and artists.</p><br>
<h2>Other features</h2><br>
<h3>Dwellings</h3><br>
<p>"Two dwellings and a small barn existed on the property" when Lawrence, Frieda, and Dorothy Brett went to live there in early May, 1924. The largest, "The Homesteader&#39;us Cabin" was chosen by the couple while Lady Brett occupied the small one-room cabin, which may be visited. Neither log cabin was in good repair and renovations were necessary in the early months of their occupancy.</p><br>
<h3>The Lawrence Tree</h3><br>
<p>A striking feature of the exterior is the very large pine which became known as the "Lawrence Tree". The writer frequently worked at a small table at its base and he expressed his love for it as follows:</p><br>
<p>The big pine tree in front of the house, standing still and unconcerned and alive...the overshadowing tree whose green top one never looks at...One goes out of the door and the tree-trunk is there, like a guardian angel. The tree-trunk, the long work table and the fence!"</p><br>
<p>Later, on one of her early visits to New Mexico in the summer of 1929, the painter Georgia O&#39;Keeffe spent some weeks there after being invited to Taos and to the Ranch by Mabel Dodge Luhan. This was the year in which she painted The Lawrence Tree, with its unusual viewpoint gained from lying on a long bench and looking up into the branches of the tree.</p><br>
<p>Pelișor Castle  is a castle in Sinaia, Romania, part of the same complex as the larger castle of Peleș.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castle was built in 1899–1902 by order of King Carol I, as the residence for his nephew and heir, the future King Ferdinand (son of Carols brother Leopold von Hohenzollern) and Ferdinands consort Queen Marie.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, it was decided that the entire complex, including Pelișor, long a museum and tourist site, is the legal property of the King Michael I of Romania. They will take legal possession of it and lease it to the Romanian state, so that it will remain in its current status. The main castle of Peleș is already under lease, but negotiations about other villas and chateaus are ongoing. King Michael I of Romania appears decisive that of the complex, Pelișor castle will remain a private residence for the Royal family.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Pelișor was designed by the Czech architect Karel Liman in the Art Nouveau style; the furniture and the interior decorations were designed mostly by the Viennese Bernhard Ludwig. There are several chambers, working cabinets, a chapel, and "the golden room". Queen Marie herself, an accomplished artist, made many of the artistic decisions about the design of the palace, and participated in its decoration, including as a painter. Queen Marie considered Art Nouveau a weapon against sterile historicism, creating a personal style combining Art-Nouveau elements with Byzantine and Celtic elements.</p><br>
<p>The hall of honour is very simple with the walls covered with oak-timber and a glass ceiling.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Opening hours at Pelișor Castle:</p><br>
<p>Summer (15 May - 15 September): Monday closed, Closed, Wednesday - Sunday 09.00 - 17.00</p><br>
<p>Winter (16 September - 14 May): Monday, Tuesday - closed, Wednesday 11.15- 16.15, Thursday - Sunday 09.15-16.15</p><br>
<p>In the period 15 October - 30 November the Castle is closed for works of preservation. Admission fee is 20 RON.</p><br>
<p>Cheekwood is a 55-acre botanical garden and art museum located on the historic Cheek estate in Nashville, Tennessee. Originally built as the home of Leslie and Mabel Cheek in 1929, Cheekwood is one of the finest examples of an American Country Place Era estate. Since being converted into a museum of art and botanical garden in 1960, Cheekwood now presents world-class art exhibitions, spectacular gardens and an historic estate with authentic furnishings.</p><br>
<p>Each year, Cheekwood welcomes over 250,000 annual visitors, making it one of the city’s top cultural attractions, with approximately 13,000 member households. Visitors enjoy family activities, programming for all ages and year-round festivals celebrating the four seasons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Christopher Cheek founded a wholesale grocery business in Nashville in the 1880s. His son, Leslie Cheek, joined him as a partner, and by 1915 was president of the family-owned company. Leslies wife, Mabel Wood, was a member of a prominent Clarksville, Tennessee, family. Meanwhile, Joel Cheek, Leslies cousin, had developed an acclaimed blend of coffee that was marketed through Nashvilles finest hotel, the Maxwell House Hotel. Cheeks extended family, including Leslie and Mabel Cheek, were investors. In 1928, the Postum Cereals Company (now General Foods) purchased Maxwell House&#39;s parent company, Cheek-Neal Coffee, for more than $40 million.</p><br>
<p>After the sale of the family business, Leslie Cheek bought 100 acre of woodland in West Nashville for a country estate. He hired New York residential and landscape architect Bryant Fleming to design the house and gardens, and gave him full control over every detail of the project, including interior furnishings. The resulting limestone mansion and extensive formal gardens were completed in 1932. The estate design was inspired by the grand English manors of the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>Leslie Cheek died just two years after moving into the mansion. Mabel Cheek and their daughter, Huldah Cheek Sharp, lived at Cheekwood until the 1950s, when Huldah Sharp and her husband offered the property as a site for a botanical garden and art museum. The Exchange Club of Nashville, the Horticultural Society of Middle Tennessee and other civic groups led the redevelopment of the property aided by funds raised from the sale of the former building of the Nashville Museum of Art. The new Cheekwood museum opened in 1960.</p><br>
<h2>Art museum</h2><br>
<p>Cheekwood’s art collection was founded in 1959 upon the holdings of the former Nashville Museum of Art and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. The core holdings include broad collections of American art; American and British decorative arts; contemporary art, especially outdoor sculpture acquired for the Woodland Sculpture Trail.</p><br>
<p>Cheekwood’s American art collection includes 600 paintings and 5,000 prints, drawings and photographs. The collection, assembled in the 1980s and early 1990s through a multimillion-dollar bequest, spans the history of American art. Its strength centers on The Eight. Other strengths include the world&#39;s largest collection of sculptures of William Edmondson, photographs by Louise Dahl-Wolfe, and a vast variety of post-Second World War prints. Recently, the Museum has pursued a consciously focused acquisition process, having added paintings by James Hamilton, William Bradford, and new contemporary sculpture for the Trail.</p><br>
<p>The core holdings of the decorative arts collection include the third-largest Worcester porcelain in the United States, and a 650-piece silver collection, spanning the 18th-20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The Cheekwood Mansion is itself considered part of the collection. A year-long renovation, completed in June of 2017, restored much of the original building, which revealed authentic features (wood and marble floors that had been carpeted), and conserved historical architectural motifs, such as the illusionist murals that line the main corridor.</p><br>
<p>The Contemporary Art collection, housed in the galleries created out of the estate’s original garage and stables, is small but of high quality, including paintings by Larry Rivers, Andy Warhol, Robert Ryman, Red Grooms, and Marylyn Dintenfass. Additionally, seven small galleries were created in the old horse stable stalls to enable Cheekwood to display installation art.</p><br>
<p>The Carrell Woodland Sculpture Trail, a collection of fourteen sculptures by international artists, extends the contemporary art collection into nature, focusing on a kind of intimate, outdoor art not commonly found in American museums.</p><br>
<h2>Botanical garden</h2><br>
<p>Extending across the grounds from the Museum of Art, the Botanical Garden encompasses the entire 55 acre site with an emphasis on display, education, and study. The plant collections include boxwood, conifer, crape myrtle, daffodil, daylily, dogwood, fern, herb, holly, hosta, hydrangea, Japanese maple, magnolia, Southeastern US natives, redbud, and trillium.</p><br>
<p>Visitors to Cheekwood will enjoy many styles of garden design. An avenue of crape myrtles leads into the Robertson Ellis Color Garden where sweeping curves of colorful flowers border a sloping lawn with a beautiful view of the distant hills. As visitors exit this garden, they pass under eight curved aches covered with colorful vines and planted with a variety of annuals and perennials. Next visitors will enter the Japanese Garden. This is a quiet place for rest and meditation, a refuge from the outside world. The Wills Perennial garden displays new and traditional perennials and includes a steep limestone wall that provides habitat and background for this colorful, full-sun garden. The Martin Boxwood Garden was designed and built by landscape architect Bryant Fleming in the late 1920s with terraced gardens and extensive plantings of boxwood. This formal garden invites the visitor to be transported to a different era. The Howe Wildflower garden, spectacular in the spring, is a woodland wildflower garden that was originally at the East Nashville home of Cora Howe. This garden was moved to Cheekwood in 1968 along with its stone tool shed, rock wall, and garden ornaments. As visitors move through the gardens, they will next encounter the Burr Terrace Garden. This is an enclosed cottage garden on three levels with many pastel colored perennials, annuals, and shrubs. Exiting the Burr Terrace Garden, visitors will enter the Carell Dogwood Garden. This garden displays many variations in branching patterns, bark, leaf, berry, and the showy bracts characteristic of dogwoods. The Herb Study Garden displays many plants to be touched and smelled, in addition to plants that can be used for cooking, fragrance, dyes, fibers, and cosmetics. Finally, guests will come to the Turner Seasons Garden. This garden focuses on the seasonal aspect of gardens in Tennessee. It features a series of garden rooms, each highlighting a different season with plant collections of special interest</p><br>
<p>The gardens and collections not only serve to educate, but also to please each visitor’s sense of aesthetic. The gardens are an important horticultural resource for the entire region.</p><br>
<h2>Seasonal Festivals</h2><br>
<p>Cheekwood offers throughout the year, with a variety of events and cultural exhibitions. Cheekwood in Bloom runs from March through April, and features 100,000 tulips blooming throughout the gardens. Summertime at Cheekwood is known for its blockbuster art exhibitions, such as the Dale Chihuly exhibition in 2010, and LIGHT: Bruce Monro at Cheekwood in 2013. Cheekwood Harvest, which runs from September to October, features two of Cheekwoods most popular cultural festivals: The Japanese Moon Viewing Celebration and El Dia de los Muertos. From November through December, Cheekwood becomes a major holiday destination in Nashville during the Holiday LIGHTS festival, during which Cheekwoods botanical gardens are decorated with over 1,000,000 lights.</p><br>
<h2>Other attractions</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the Museum and the Botanical Garden, Cheekwood operates two gift shops, and the Pineapple Room Restaurant which overlooks the greenery of the elegant west lawn. Cheekwood is also home to a beer garden, opening during select weekends in the spring and fall, serving a variety of drinks, including several options from local Nashville breweries.</p><br>
<p>The Hikes-Hunsinger House is a historic residence in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. Although it was built in the 1820s as a farmhouse, it is now surrounded by the city, but it retains much of its original architecture, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1823, Among the premier components of the interior is the main stairway, which dominates the hallway between the first and second floors. The floor plan includes a parlor, a living room, a kitchen, and a dining room on the first floor, while the large majority of the second floor is divided among multiple bedrooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Hikes, Jr., a member of one of the leading families of early Louisville, constructed the present house and several others in the area. For over a century and a half, the house was owned by members of the Hikes family, who for many years continued to operate the farm, mill, and distillery that their ancestor had established along with the house. According to oral traditions preserved among the Hikes family, the property has been occupied by ghosts and by Union Army soldiers heading toward Perryville, and some of the details on an associated smokehouse were placed in order to demonstrate the owners&#39; devotion to the ideals of Southern hospitality.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>No longer is the Hikes House located amid farming country as in its early days. Part of the house&#39;s long lane is now the busy Hikes Lane, suburbia now encompasses the house on all sides, and much of the original farm is now occupied by subdivisions and a school. Nevertheless, the house retains much of its original architecture, due in part to consistent maintenance throughout its history. In recognition of its historically significant architecture, the Hikes-Hunsinger House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in late 1975. It is one of more than four hundred different buildings and historic districts in the city of Louisville with this distinction.</p><br>
<p>Portsmouth Square is a one-block park in Chinatown, San Francisco, California, that is bounded by Kearny Street on the east, Washington Street on the north, Clay Street on the south, and Walter Lum Place on the west.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Portsmouth Square is located on the site of the first public square established in the early 19th century in the Mexican community of Yerba Buena, whose name was changed to San Francisco in 1847. During the Mexican-American War Captain John Berrien Montgomery of the USS Portsmouth was ordered to seize Yerba Buena. On July 9, 1846, the first American flag was raised near the Mexican adobe custom house in the plaza that would eventually be named Portsmouth Square in honor of the ship.</p><br>
<p>Many historical events have happened at the plaza. In 1847, the first public school in California was erected at the southwest corner of plaza. On May 11, 1848, the discovery of gold was announced when Sam Brannan showed his gold to a crowd. On June 12, 1849, a crowd was gathered at the plaza, demanding election of delegates at the Monterey Constitutional Convention. An assembly was organized on July 16, 1849 to fight against a lawless body The Hounds. On August 29, 1850, a memorial service was held after the death of US President Zachary Taylor. The First Admission Day celebration was held October 29, 1850 when California became the 31st state of the United States. On June 1, 1852, a crowd protested against the purchase of the Jenny Lind Theatre as the city hall. On September 18, 1859, Colonel E. D. Baker delivered an oration after USA Senator David C. Broderick was killed in a duel with California Chief Justice David S. Terry.</p><br>
<p>Director Don Siegal filmed a scene from the 1971 movie Dirty Harry in the Square. As the character "Dirty Harry" follows "Scorpio" it is possible to see the stone bridge joining the park to the Chinese Culture Center of San Francisco, at the Hilton Financial, 750 Kearny Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the park underwent its second major renovation. The first phase involved installing new elevators and bathrooms on the top of the park. The second phase began in 1994, included installation of child play structures, Chinese chess tables, benches, and landscaping. Phase three included the construction of a new community room and play areas. This $3.9 million renovation was completed and the park was opened to the public in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, the square is considered a part of Chinatown, earning it a nickname "Heart of Chinatown." A monument to Robert Louis Stevenson is also located inside the park to commemorate its history. In addition, a statue of the Goddess of Democracy, a gift from the San Francisco Goddess of Democracy Statue Project to the city, sits in the park.</p><br>
<p>A four-level underground parking garage is located beneath Portsmouth Square, accommodating an average of 50,000 vehicles per month.</p><br>
<p>It also served as a popular home for a large number of homeless people. San Francisco Board of Supervisors President Aaron Peskin, who represented the area surrounding the park, and Mayor Gavin Newsom have criticized the Department of Recreation and Parks for failing in its upkeep of the park. Regarding these criticisms, the city department has tried to hire additional gardeners and custodians despite budget cuts. Another city department, Public Works, was urged by Newsom to help clean up the park, at least temporarily.</p><br>
<h3>Tot Lot</h3><br>
<p>The playground at the square features an installation by Mary Fuller and Robert McChesney called Tot Lot. The collection of sculptures are made of concrete and glass and overall encompass approximately 86 in. x 30 ft. 7 in. x 25 ft. 9 in. Completed in 1983 and dedicated in 1984, the sculptures are used as playground equipment such as a slide and a sandbox. It consists of six animals from the Chinese zodiac: a Goat, a Tiger, a Monkey, a Rabbit, a Dragon and a Snake. All of the animals have glass eyes and are abstract in design.</p><br>
<p>Tot Lot was commissioned by the city and county of San Franciscos Bureau of Architecture and two of the pieces, the ram and rabbit, were gifts of the Tamarack Foundation. The architects office, parks and recreation department and San Francisco Arts Commission developed the piece. Children use the pieces frequently due to its playground status. In 1994 it was surveyed as part of the Smithsonian Institution&#39;s Save Outdoor Sculpture! program in 1994 and was described as needing conservation treatment.</p><br>
<p>The Fichtelberg is a mountain with two main peaks in the middle of the Ore Mountains in the east German state of Saxony, near the Czech border. At 1,214.6 m above sea level, the Fichtelberg is the highest mountain in Saxony, the second highest in the Ore Mountains and used to be the highest mountain in East Germany. Its subpeak is 1,206 m high.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Fichtelberg rises within the Central Ore Mountains in the Ore Mountains/Vogtland Nature Park around 1.5 kilometres north of the German-Czech border. At the southern foot of the mountain lies the highest town in Germany: the resort of Oberwiesenthal in the Pöhlbach valley. About 750 metres south-southwest is the less prominent subpeak of the Fichtelberg, known as the Kleiner Fichtelberg ("Little Fichtelberg") also called the Hinterer Fichtelberg ("Rear Fichtelberg"); ). About 4 kilometres south-southeast is the highest peak in the Ore Mountains: the Klínovec (Keilberg; ) on the Czech side of the border. In the wet valley heads and raised bogs on the Fichtelberg, numerous streams have their sources. The most important of these is the River Zschopau.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Fichtelberg consists predominantly of light-coloured, crystalline rocks, especially a variety of muscovite slate (Muskovitschiefer). In the main, this rock only comprises quartz and muscovite; although it sometimes contains orthoclase and biotite as well. Additional components include rutile, garnet, tourmaline, hematite and ilmenite.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>On the Summit of the Fichtelberg stands the Fichtelberg House (Fichtelberghaus) with its observation tower, a weather station and a prominent triangulation station of the Royal Saxon Survey (Königlich-Sächsischen Triangulation) from 1864, where measurements of regional and national significance were carried out. The Fichtelberg Cable Car runs up the eastern slope of the mountain from Oberwiesenthal to a point near the summit.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origin of the name</h3><br>
<p>The mountain was given its name thanks to the existing natural forests of spruce that covered it (see section on forest history). In the 16th century Georgius Agricola used the Latinised form, Pinifer (Fichtelberg)</p><br>
<h3>Fichtelberg House</h3><br>
<p>The first albeit unreferenced evidence of a building on the summit of the Fichtelberg is found in the Historischen Schauplatz published in 1699 by Christian Lehmann, where it says:</p><br>
<p>The first definitely confirmed Fichtelberg house was built on the Fichtelberg in 1888/89 by Oskar Puschmann. It was opened on 21 July 1889 and extended for the first time in 1899. In 1910 the house was expanded again as a result of the popularity of the highest mountain in Saxony. With the construction of the Fichtelberg Cable Car in 1924 the visitor numbers climbed still further.</p><br>
<p>On the even of 25 February 1963 a fire broke out in the Fichtelberg House. 180 firemen from across the county of Annaberg were called out and took part in the firefighting. Heavy snowdrifts on the access road meant that all the firefighting equipment had to be transported up the mountain on the cable car. Hoses that had been laid from Oberwiesenthal up to the top of the mountain froze in temperatures of &minus;15 °C and the lack of water meant that they could not put the fire out. The building was razed to its foundation walls.</p><br>
<p>On 22 June 1965 the foundation stone for a new building was laid. By 1967, a modern Fichtelberg House with an austere, typically East German concrete architecture and integrated, plain, 42 metre-high observation tower had been completed. The GDR made 12 million marks available for its construction. The new Fichtelberg House had seating for around 600. On the ground floor was a large self-service restaurant, on the upper floor was a grill bar, a concert café and a conference room. Well known artists helped design the interior. The wooden walls of the vestibule and the room dividers in the self-service area were by Hans Brockhage. Carl-Heinz Westenburger created a mural for the end wall of the conference room, on which he depicted sporting life on the Fichtelberg. At the end of the 1990 the Fichtelberg House was converted to resemble the old building and re-opened on 18 July 1999. The newly built observation tower is only 31 metres high.</p><br>
<h3>Weather station</h3><br>
<p>In 1890 the publican of the Fichtelberg House recorded the first regular weather observations. On 1 January 1916 meteorologists began work in the new weather station. It was founded by Paul Schreiber and expanded into a mountain observatory in 1950.</p><br>
<h3>Cable car</h3><br>
<p>The Fichtelberg rises above the holiday and winter sports resort of Oberwiesenthal, both connected by the Fichtelberg Cable Car (Fichtelberg-Schwebebahn). This cable car was opened in 1924, the cable is 1,175 m long with a height difference of 305 m. It takes six minutes to travel from the valley to the top of the mountain. Large car parks are available on the lower half of the mountain, but parking near the top is limited. Bus transportation is available in addition to the cable car.</p><br>
<h3>Fichtelberg Railway</h3><br>
<p>The Fichtelberg Railway (Fichtelbergbahn) terminates at the southeastern foot of the mountain. This narrow gauge line, which runs from Cranzahl to Oberwiesenthal, was opened in 1897 and is 17.349 km long.</p><br>
<h3>Fichtelberg Inn</h3><br>
<p>The Fichtelberg Inn (Fichtelbergbaude), a building used as a guest house on the road leading up the Fichtelberg, caught fire on 21 November 2009 in a suspected arson attack.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Forest history</h3><br>
<p>The extensive spruce forests in the area surrounding the Fichtelberg have been constantly utilised since man first settled here and have thus undergone much change. The original vegetation of the highlands and mountain ridges was fundamentally different. Pollen analyses from the Gottesgaber Moor revealed useful information about the former composition of the forest. The main tree species of the Hercynian mixed forest of the highlands - the silver fir (Abies alba), European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) - occurred in roughly equal proportions of around 30% on the ridgelines. Old church records and forest assessments contain descriptions of the original condition of the forest, showing that the Fichtelberg was covered by mixed forest consisting of the aforementioned tree species. The present dominance of the spruce is primarily a result of human influence. Improper management such as deforestation and high populations of game steadily reduced the proportion of fir and beech trees in favour of spruce. With the beginning of state forestry in Saxony in the early 19th century, the composition of species changed drastically. Forest management, which was focussed on achieving the highest net yield, saw the spruce as the perfect timber resource. Gradually other tree species were planted again.</p><br>
<h3>Botanical specialities</h3><br>
<p>The exposed situations of the Fichtelberg near the natural treeline provides a good habitat for many rare montane plants. Of particular note is the occurrence of numerous species that are normally found in the Alps or the Tundra of Northern Europe, including the small white orchid, common moonwort, frog orchid, Alpine clubmoss und Alpine coltsfoot.</p><br>
<h3>Protected areas</h3><br>
<p>The following protected areas are found on the Fichtelberg:</p><br>
<p>The Fichtelberg Protected Area, established in 1962 and covering 5.48 km² (LSG No. 320795)</p><br>
<p>The Fichtelberg and Schönjungfern Valley (Fichtelberg mit Schönjungferngrund) Nature Reserve, on the southern slopes was established in 1961 and covers 18.67 ha in two separate areas (NSG No. 163092)</p><br>
<p>The Fichtelberg South Mountainside (Fichtelberg-Südhang) Nature Reserve to the southwest of the Fichtelberg and Schönjungfern Valley reserve, established in 1997, which comprises a number of separate areas covering 73.15 ha (NSG No. 163093).</p><br>
<p>The Cane or Reed Meadow (Rohr- oder Schilfwiese) to the west on the Kleiner Fichtelberg formed in 1967 and covering 5.25 ha (NSG No. 165205).</p><br>
<p>These areas overlap with the Fichtelberg Meadows (Fichtelbergwiesen) Habitat Area (FFH No. 5543-304).</p><br>
<h2>Views</h2><br>
<p>On clear days, one can see to the mountains in the northern Czech Republic (the Central Bohemian Uplands, Lusatian Mountains, Jizera Mountains and Giant Mountains) and to the Bohemian Forest to the south. The area around Fichtelberg and the neighbouring Klínovec mountain is famous for winter sport facilities, providing many ski lifts and cross-country ski tracks.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The journey time to the top of the mountain on the Fichtelberg Cable Car is 3½ minutes. There is also a bus service from Oberwiesenthal. At the summit and just below it are several parking areas for cars and busses. The mountain is also accessible on numerous footpaths. Some are part of the E3 European long distance path and the Zittau to Wernigerode long distance path.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is a magnet for cyclists and bikers. From the Pöhlbach valley, two long winding roads, starting at a height of, head towards the Czech border. After a short section on the level, it turns right towards the summit. The road runs through forested countryside that gives a strong impression that one is above. The total length of this ascent is 6,600 metres and it climbs through around 380 metres in heigh.</p><br>
<p>The less well known and more difficult ascent starts in Rittersgrün and climbs through 556 metres in 13.64 kilometres. The road runs through Ehrenzipfel, Zweibach and Tellerhäuser. After passing through these villages there is a long steep climb that flattens out as it makes its way up to a junction signed Fichtelberg. After a further 2 kilometres of uphill climbing it reaches the summit of the Fichtelberg.</p><br>
<p>Mount Murray is a hill 222 m above sea level on the Isle of Man located at the northern end of Santon, near the boundaries with Marown and Braddan parishes. Often referred to simply as The Mount and formerly as Cronk Glass ,Mount Murray is home to the Chibbanagh Plantation and nine of the eighteen holes of the Mount Murray Golf Club.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hill was originally known as Ais Hólt, meaning Holt&#39;s Hill, and giving rise to derivations of the name: Ash hole (1703), Ashold (1734) and Ashole (1739). Several families of the latter name lived in the Castletown area in the 16th century. It was a Norse surname and is still found in Kildare and Wicklow, Ireland.</p><br>
<h3>Mount Murray Estate</h3><br>
<p>In the early part of the 18th Century the hill and surrounding area was acquired by a Dublin merchant, Richard McGwire, who applied to enclose an area of common land.The estate was subsequently sold, changing hands to various people during which time it was rented to Sir Wadsworth Busk before being acquired by Lord Henry Murray in 1793, following which it formed part of the Mount Murray Estate. Situated approximately 4 mi from Douglas, it was the home of the Murray family when the Rt Honourable Lord Henry Murray, the fourth son of the John Murray, 3rd Duke of Atholl was the Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man.</p><br>
<p>A stone which was inserted into the walls of the mansion recorded that: "This estate, by ye Hon. Worthy Governor Murray, was called Moor Hall."</p><br>
<h4>Mount Murray Hotel</h4><br>
<p>Following Murrays ownership the hall went through various changes, until by 1885 it was suffering from damp and neglect. It was then purchased by a Mr S. Marsden who set about restoring it to its former grandeur, and converting it into a hotel. Although significantly altering its external appearance, part of Marsdens alterations saw the construction of a tower which was added to the front portion of the building and afforded wide views across the estate.</p><br>
<p>The original Mount Murray Hotel was acquired by Alec O&#39;Brien in 1958 following which it underwent significant redevelopment work and reopened as the Alex Inn. The Alex Inn finally closed during the late 1960s or early 1970s following which most of the buildings were demolished.</p><br>
<h4>Mount Murray Resort</h4><br>
<p>On 17th January 1991 an application for planning approval in principle dated 16th January 1991 was received in the Planning Committee Secretary’s Office in the Department of Local Government and the Environment for the Isle of Man.</p><br>
<p>The applicant was Radcon Village Resorts Limited of 1 Mount Pleasant, Douglas, Isle of Man. The description of the site to be developed was given as Alex Inn, Mount Murray, Santon, Isle of Man. The proposed use of the site was given as “Resort Village".</p><br>
<p>It was built under a tourism approval and formed the center of several investigations into why people were purchasing and living in the houses.</p><br>
<p>In August 2000 Professor Stephen Crow, an experienced and respected figure in the planning field, was appointed by the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers to conduct an Inquiry into some matters concerning the development at Mount Murray.</p><br>
<p>His precise terms of reference were:</p><br>
<p>“To review the planning and development history of the Mount Murray site, and to report on the residential aspects of that development having regard particularly to:</p><br>
<p>a) the nature of the title of those who have purchased residential property</p><br>
<p>b) whether all parts of the development have sufficient planning and building</p><br>
<p>regulation approvals</p><br>
<p>c) whether the infrastructure for the development is sufficient and in accordance</p><br>
<p>with planning approvals</p><br>
<p>d) whether all conditions imposed as part of any approval for the site have been fully</p><br>
<p>met.”</p><br>
<p>Some £1 million was spent on the investigationswhich failed to prove any wrongdoing.</p><br>
<p>In November 2013 a fire broke out at the Mount Murray Hotel and Country Club whilst the venue was undergoing alterations. The fire resulted in significant damage to the main hotel area following which the venue closed.</p><br>
<p>In February 2016 the site was bought by Isle of Man based Comis Holdings who plan to reopen the Mount Murray as a sport and leisure complex.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape and archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Close by are The Broogh Fort (54.135776&deg; latitude, -4.577453&deg; longitude) and also The Braaid.</p><br>
<p>The Graveyard, the fifth fairway of the Mount Murray golf course, is on the site of a prehistoric burial ground. The burial ground became the site of a keeill built sometime after the 9th century, and the area later became known as Speke Farm. The keeill and some of the surrounding burials were excavated in 2006 by archaeological television programme Time Team. The first mention of the keeill at Speke, is on a Mount Murray Estate map (1800) which shows a small rectangular east-west aligned building in an enclosure marked as ‘old chapel’.</p><br>
<p>Paradiski is a ski-area in the Tarentaise Valley offering uninterrupted skiing in between the areas of Les Arcs, Peisey-Vallandry and La Plagne. The area is linked, since December 2003, by the Vanoise Express. In total over the three resorts there are 160 lifts and 425 km of pistes, with 152 green/blue  runs, 79 red  runs, and 22 black  runs.</p><br>
<p>Paradiski relies on the operation of the Vanoise Express. As a result of safety inspections in December 2007 the operators announced that this lift would be shut for the rest of the 2007/2008 season. It reopened for the 2008/2009 season and provides a rapid and spectacular connection between the two halves of the Paradiski.</p><br>
<p>The biggest concentration of world-class ski resorts in the world is in the Tarentaise Valley. The best known neighbour systems are Espace Killy (Val d&#39;Isère and Tignes) and Les Trois Vallées (Courchevel, Meribel, Val Thorens and more). A weekly lift ticket in Paradiski gives skiers a choice to ski one day in each of the other two systems mentioned. There were once plans to interlink all systems and resorts to create the—by far—largest ski area in the world. However that vision was ended with the creation of the Vanoise National Park.</p><br>
<p>Lake Maxinkuckee is the second largest natural lake in the USA state of Indiana, covering 1,864 acre. The Town of Culver, Indiana, in southwestern Marshall County is located on its northwestern edge. Lake Maxinkuckee has a maximum depth of 88 feet  and an average depth of 24 feet . Local residents and visitors do many things including ice fishing on the lake.</p><br>
<p>The first inhabitants of the lake area were Mound Builders, most likely the Potawatomi or Miami. Several mounds were built on the banks of the lake, the largest being "Pare Mound," thought to be used as a point of reference for the natives. The first white settlers arrived in 1836. Henry Harrison Culver, for whom the town is now named, founded the Culver Military Academy in 1894.</p><br>
<p>The word Maxinkuckee is derived from the Potawatomi word Mog-sin-ke-ki, which means "big stone country".</p><br>
<p>The Treviño-Uribe Rancho is a fortified home in the small town of San Ignacio, Texas, also known as San Ygnacio.</p><br>
<p>The small community of San Ygnacio was settled in 1830. The San Ygnacio Historic District includes Spanish and Mexican-influenced buildings that date from this earliest period of settlement up to the late 19th century. The majority of the buildings in the town are masonry, constructed of massive blocks of sandstone surfaced with stucco. The buildings are generally rectangular with flat roofs. Window and door openings have decorative surrounds, and many have prominent carved cornices.</p><br>
<p>Jesus Treviño, founder of San Ygnacio, built this home in 1830, safeguarding family and neighbors here during frequent Indian raids. The house became known as Fort Treviño. Later Blas Maria Uribe, his son-in-law, built the loopholed fort and in 1851 had a native stone made into a polished sundial and set into the north wall of the fort.</p><br>
<p>The Claremont Riding Academy, originally Claremont Stables, 175 West 89th Street, between Columbus and Amsterdam Avenues on Manhattan&#39;s Upper West Side, was designed by Frank A. Rooke and built in 1892. Closed in 2007, Claremont was the oldest continuously operated equestrian stable in New York City and the last public stable in Manhattan. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and designated a New York City Landmark in 1990. Since 2010, it has belonged to the Stephen Gaynor School.</p><br>
<h2>Claremont Stables</h2><br>
<p>In 1892, when horses still provided the primary means of transportation – the first automobile appeared on Manhattan&#39;s streets six years later – developer Edward W. Bedell, architect Frank A. Rooke, and builder Richard Deeves created a four-story carriage stable with a full basement. A penthouse was added in 1901. The structure had stalls for horses on the basement and second floors, and carriage storage space on the third, fourth, and penthouse floors; the main floor was used for carriage storage and for hitching the horses to their burdens. Horses and carriages could be had for hire, and horses could be boarded.</p><br>
<p>At the same time, Rooke designed three two-story architecturally compatible private stables which were built on the neighboring lots – now 167, 169, and 171 West 89th Street – which Bedell then sold to local families. These were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. They were rehabilitated in 1989 by Buck & Cane to serve as the home of Ballet Hispanico.</p><br>
<p>The style is Romanesque Revival. Prevalent in the 1880s and found throughout the Upper West Side, the style was adapted for a number of different building types, both residential and commercial. The facade is beige Roman brick, limestone, and terra cotta.</p><br>
<p>The building is supported by the two outside brick walls, plus column and girders. The ground floor and basement columns are cast iron. The stable floors were of scored concrete or cement, with drains for liquid waste disposal. The basement and first and second floors were connected by ramps.</p><br>
<p>Bedell sold the building in 1893, and over the next thirty-four years a number of different concerns operated the stable as lessees.</p><br>
<h2>Claremont Riding Academy</h2><br>
<p>In 1927 the Claremont Stables became a riding school, in part to encourage the employment of the bridle paths in nearby Central Park. In December 1943, Irwin J. Novograd, a Polish immigrant employed as a bookkeeper for Claremont, purchased the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1961 the building was condemned by the City of New York for demolition as part of the West Side Urban Renewal Area. The Academy remained as month-to-month tenant for 37 years, with Irwins son, Paul J. Novograd, becoming the Academys president in 1984, and continuing to offer boarding privileges, group and private riding lessons, and horse rentals. The city changed its plans, the demolition never occurred, and the Academy was able to repurchase the building from the city in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Central Park bridle paths, however, had been allowed to deteriorate, and were no longer restricted to equestrian use, which became practically impossible, resulting in a loss of business to the Academy. This, and the expenses resulting from a historic restoration, the owners said, led to the Academy&#39;s demise in 2007. Claremont was the oldest stable structure in New York still in use at the time.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the building was purchased by the Stephen Gaynor School – whose main building, at 148 West 90th Street, is behind it – which adapted it for the school&#39;s arts center and early learning center, building a rooftop addition in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stirling is a mountain in the Victorian Alps of the Great Dividing Range, located in the Hume region of Victoria, Australia. The mountain has an elevation of 1,747 - above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stirling is also an abbreviation of the Mount Stirling Alpine Resort, a cross-country and backcountry ski resort located on the slopes of the mountain and situated approximately 230 km from Melbourne. The Mount Stirling ski resort is a popular location for beginner backcountry skiers and snowboarders due to its distance from Melbourne and proximity to the Mount Buller Alpine Resort. The Mount Stirling Alpine Resort is contained within an 2,820 hectare Unincorporated area of Victoria; the larger surrounding locality of Mount Buller is part of the Shire of Mansfield. As at the 2011 census, the area had a population of 36.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stirling was named in honour of James Stirling, a surveyor and later, the Victorian Government Geologist.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The mountain and ski resort are located at the head of the Delatite River, which flows westwards. It is surrounded by the Stirling Circuit Road, which provides access to mountains further into the Victorian Alps. In winter the road is closed at Telephone Box Junction, from which it is generally possible to ski to reach the summit (depending on conditions it is sometimes necessary to walk the lower section).</p><br>
<p>The mountain has fantastic views across to nearby Mount Buller as well as the high range that runs from Mount Cobbler through Mount Speculation and the Cross cut Saw and Mount Howitt. From there the range swings westwards, finishing in The Bluff, an impressive tilted plateau that has large clifflines on its northern side.</p><br>
<p>The lower reaches of the mountain are dominated by Alpine Ash forests, which merge into Snowgum Woodlands above approximately 1,400 m. There is a small part of the summit area which sits above treeline.</p><br>
<h3>Huts</h3><br>
<p>There are a number of huts in the area of Mount Stirling providing emergency refuge to visitors:</p><br>
<p>Bluff Spur Hut is a shelter hut near the summit erected as a memorial to a pair of skiers who died of exposure on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Kingsaddle Shelter, an open shelter amidst towering Alpine Ash.</p><br>
<p>Howqua Gap Hut was moved around Mount Stirling for loggers to shelter in and was left at the bottom of the Howqua Gap trail.</p><br>
<p>Geelong Grammar School Hut on the other side of the summit from Bluff Spur Hut is owned by Geelong Grammar School and is used during cross country skiing by students from the Timbertop campus.</p><br>
<p>Craig&#39;s Hut in the Clear Hills, built as a set for the film, The Man from Snowy River, was destroyed on 11 December 2006 by the Eastern Victoria Great Divide bushfires; and has since been rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>Mount No 3 Refuge Hut, rebuilt in 2007</p><br>
<p>Bus Hut on the Mount Number 3 Road</p><br>
<h2>Seasonal activities</h2><br>
<p>In winter the area is a patrolled cross country and back country ski resort. Maps of ski trails are available at the entry gate.</p><br>
<p>In summer the area is popular with four wheel drivers and bush walkers. The trail from the Circuit Road to the summit takes less than two hours to walk and is popular for day and over night trips. Also, when it is not snowing or in danger of bushfires, the area is used by numerous educational groups.</p><br>
<p>Lake Mountain is a 1,433 m mountain and cross-country ski resort that is located in Victoria, Australia; approximately 120 km from Melbourne. It is the most popular ski resort in Australia in visitor numbers due to its proximity to the populous city of Melbourne, mainly from casual visitors. Lake Mountain Alpine Resort is an Unincorporated area of Victoria surrounded by the Shire of Murrindindi.</p><br>
<p>There is no lake at Lake Mountain, the area was named after George Lake, who was the Surveyor-General of the area including the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Mountain Alpine Resort is situated in a saddle between Lake Mountain and Echo Flat and provides access to a 37 km cumulative trail network through the surrounding Yarra Ranges National Park. It is an exclusively cross-country skiing resort, but the majority (80%) of the visitors to the resort throughout the year are a family demographic, with family groups being the main constituents. There are up to seven toboggan runs, though two main runs, which are open to the public. The first and most popular is directly adjacent to the Lake Mountain Alpine Resort Day Visitor Centre, while the second brachiates off of the first for a longer and somewhat steeper slope. Snowboarding is not permitted.</p><br>
<p>The centre was opened on 12 June 2004 at a cost of 3.7 million along with the refurbishment and restructuring of two other buildings, a toilet block and visitors locker room area, and the Ski Patrollers Centre, the main area for the coordination and first aid treatments employed by the Ski Patrollers. It has several other facilities, such as two fully equipped conference centres and a licensed café bar. The Heights Bar and Café remains open all year round, to accommodate bushwalkers and bike riders.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the Ski Patroller&#39;s Centre was equipped to operate as "Snow Gum Lodge" during the off-season, generally available between November and May, for secluded and private overnight stays. It was the only accommodation on-mountain but was destroyed in the 2009 bushfires.</p><br>
<h3>Impact of 2009 bushfires</h3><br>
<p>The bushfires on 7 February 2009 caused considerable damage at Lake Mountain. Much of the forested area was burnt, and almost all buildings except the main Day Visitor Centre/Ski Hire/Bistro were destroyed. Extensive work was undertaken to enable the resort to open for 2009 winter season. Temporary buildings were delivered to serve as toilets, Ski Patrol and kiosk. Damaged wooden trail features and bridges were rebuilt.</p><br>
<h3>Road cycling</h3><br>
<p>Lake Mountain is a popular destination for road cyclists due to the challenging climbs up to the resort. Lake Mountain can be climbed from two sides: from Warburton (a grueling 40 km climb up the Reefton Spur) or from Marysville, the more popular route. The climb from Marysville is 21.3 km long and rises at an average gradient of 4.3%. The first 4.3 km of the climb are the most challenging with an average gradient of 8.1%.</p><br>
<p>Jackson Ward is a historically African-American neighborhood in Richmond, Virginia with a long tradition of African-American businesses. It is located less than a mile from the Virginia State Capitol. It sits to the west of Court End and north of Broad Street. It was listed as a National Historic Landmark District in 1978. "Jackson Ward" was originally the name of the area&#39;s political district within the city, or ward, from 1871 to 1905, yet has remained in use long after losing its original meaning.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Center of black commerce, entertainment and religion</h3><br>
<p>After the American Civil War, previously free blacks joined freed slaves and their descendants and created a thriving African-American business community, and became known as the "Black Wall Street of America." Leaders included such influential people as John Mitchell, Jr., editor of the Richmond Planet, an African American newspaper, and Maggie L. Walker. Ms. Walker was the first woman to charter and serve as president of an American bank, all the more remarkable an accomplishment as she was both African-American and was mobility-impaired. The Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site at her former Jackson Ward home is operated by the National Park Service. The house was designated a National Historic Site in 1978 and was opened as a museum in 1985.</p><br>
<p>As a center for both black commerce and entertainment, Jackson Ward was also called the "Harlem of the South". Venues along "The Deuce " (2nd Street) such as the Hippodrome Theater were frequented by the likes of Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, Lena Horne, Cab Calloway, Billie Holiday, Nat King Cole, James Brown and other Chitlin&#39; circuit performers. Today, a statue of Robinson dancing on a staircase is at the center of the neighborhood at the intersection of Chamberlayne Parkway and West Leigh Street.</p><br>
<p>Other notable residents included Bishop F. M. Whittle, Addolph Dill and Max Robinson and brother Randall Robinson.</p><br>
<h3>Desegregation and decline</h3><br>
<p>Jackson Ward was central to the Civil Rights Movement in Richmond. In 1940, the Virginia General Assembly created the Richmond Housing Authority, which could condemn property as well as issue bonds to construct housing. In 1941, 1956 and 1961, the city (which initially had no African-Americans on the city council) hired Harland Bartholomew & Associates to plan for redevelopment. The redevelopment plans targeted Jackson Ward, and had the effect of severely disintegrating the historic community&#39;s social structure, as well as clustered low-income persons in Jackson Ward and nearby Church Hill, and destroyed much of the pre-existing housing stock in order to construct freeways, broad urban boulevards, office buildings, the Richmond Coliseum, the Greater Richmond Convention Center and a smaller number of housing units controlled by the Richmond Housing Authority.</p><br>
<p>The Richmond Housing Authority, initially controlled by the citys white business elite, first targeted the sub-neighborhood known as Apostle Town, adjacent to Maggie Walkers Penny Savings Bank. It built 297 units of public housing known as Gilpin Court to replace 200 houses. However, only 25 of 576 applicants for the new spaces (all segregated by race until 1964) had families who had lived in Apostle Town. During the 1950s, Richmond destroyed 4700 units of housing in black neighborhoods and replaced them with 1736 units of public housing, mostly concentrated in Richmonds East End and all within three miles of Richmonds center. While some displaced people received small grants, as well as priority in applying for housing in the new projects, many found the public housing demeaning or simply unattractive. Both black and white realtors practiced blockbusting. As urban renewal progressed, many historic black churches followed their congregations and moved from Jackson Ward to north Richmond. These included the First African Baptist Church and St. Philips Episcopal Church. Both moved to churches formerly used by white congregations who had followed their congregations to suburban Lakeside. Between 1950 and 1960, Richmonds population decreased by 10,000 persons, while surrounding Henrico County (which had 57,340 people in 1950) grew to 117,339 residents by the 1960 census. Meanwhile, the Richmond housing authority built Creighton Court (1952), Fairfield Court (1958) and Whitcomb Court (1958), all in Richmond&#39;s East End.</p><br>
<p>In 1946 R. Stuart Royer and Associates, a consulting firm, proposed a turnpike that Richmond voters twice rejected in public referenda. However, the Virginia General Assembly (with no black members at the time) then created the Richmond-Petersburg Turnpike Authority in 1954, which four months later announced the highway would be built through Jackson Ward. The consultants initial report had insisted that destroying existing housing "offers no serious obstacle to a highway location." The expressway destroyed 1000 homes, cut a block-wide barrier canyon through what had been the neighborhoods historic center, blocked 31 streets and eliminated pedestrian pathways between the newly created halves. However, the neighborhood banded together to rescue Sixth Mount Zion Baptist Church, which had been established in 1867 by Rev. John Jasper and initially occupied a building purchased from white Presbyterians but which had been renovated in 1887 and held 1400 worshipers. The church secretary, Cerelia Johnson, worked as an elevator operator in Richmonds City Hall, and conveyed discussions she overheard in the corridors of power to pastor Dr. A.W. Brown. The highway (now part of I-95) was rerouted slightly, and the church became the only building to remain on the north side of Duval Street. The turnpike opened in 1958, but Sixth Mount Zions congregation lost 1000 members.</p><br>
<p>Jackson Ward housed many involved in the desegregation battles that culminated in the Massive Resistance crisis of 1955-1965. Lawyers Oliver Hill, Martin A. Martin and Spottswood William Robinson III, represented many Virginians in cases brought with the help of the NAACP. The predecessor firm helped achieve pay equity for black teachers before World War II, and after the war helped desegregate Richmonds schools. The represented the plaintiffs in Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, one of the cases that was part of the USA Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which declared segregation in public schools as unconstitutional. After Martins death, the firm continued with Hill, and later attorneys Samuel Wilbert Tucker and Henry L. Marsh</p><br>
<p>Ironically, after desegregation, as black Virginians became more widely integrated into Richmonds other business and residential areas, Jackson Wards role as a center of black commerce and entertainment declined. Like most older urban neighborhoods of a similar era, the housing stock of Jackson Ward deteriorated as absentee landlords took over from single-family households. However, Richmond also developed what became the sixth highest concentration of public housing stock among cities over 200,000 people. For example, the Richmond Housing Authority built Mosby Court East and Mosby Court West in 1962 (all within a mile of Creighton Court, Fairfield Court and Whitcomb Court), then the 30 acre site made possible through urban clearance received a new school, Mosby School, designed to hold 1500 junior high school students and 1000 elementary school students.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the General Assembly created the Richmond Metropolitan Authority, with the power of eminent domain, to build a toll road from suburban Chesterfield County (mainly white) to downtown through the black West End and an adjoining low income white neighborhood. It displaced 1000 people and obliterated the historic Penitentiary Bottom sub-neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>By the 1970s, Richmond&#39;s city council had become majority black, so another proposed superhighway project designed as a downtown bypass (and which would effectively enclose the five public housing projects in a box) received no support. Also, the city council secured identification of the Maggie Walker House as a national landmark, and preservation of the Leigh Street corridor. Nonetheless, the last government-sponsored neighborhood revitalization project (begun in 1970 and with much of the bulldozing completed by 1973) effectively destroyed a 2800 person multigenerational neighborhood known as Fulton Bottom, before new federal requirements for paying those displaced led to that project becoming stalled until 2011. The Fulton Bottom revitalization plan had reserved most of the 370 acres for industrial sites, and industrial boulevard and flood control.</p><br>
<h3>Revival</h3><br>
<p>Toward the end of the 20th century, Richmond worked to revitalized Jackson War, including its pre-existing housing stock. The National Park Service assisted by restoring the Maggie L. Walker house, as well as listing the neighborhood on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and as a historic district in 1978. In the 1980s, historic tax credits by the federal government aided the restoration of dozens of houses on Leigh, Marshall and Clay Streets.</p><br>
<p>Many Richmond residents have bought houses in Jackson Ward to renovate and restore in order to live in an historic area and revive the cultural character of the neighborhood. Each first Friday of the month, is held at night on Broad Street. Art Galleries open their doors to an outdoor party that includes live music, including Jazz and Salsa. Local restaurants, bars and a coffee shops serve customers who come to the.</p><br>
<p>Since the start of the 21st century, the neighborhoods reputation has rapidly changed from being that of a high crime neighborhood, into a popular historic district which rivals that of the Fan, and Church Hill. However, the revival of the neighborhood has led to gentrification controversy, particularly since while in 2000 it still had a majority African American population, by 2010 nearly twice as many white people as black lived in the neighborhood. Furthermore, the neighborhoods continued change focuses development on mixed-use new construction as much as restoration of existing historic buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and landmarks</h2><br>
<p>The earliest houses of Jackson Ward were a series of small cottages built in the Federal style. By the later 1830s up until the Civil War, the Greek Revival style was prominent, which represents a major part of Richmonds pre-war architectural heritage. And then beginning in the 1850s the Italianate styles. A major part of the districts visual appeal and charm derived from the contrast between the two ornamental and austere characteristics of the two styles.</p><br>
<p>Early on, the neighborhood held a mix of German, Jewish, English and African American residents. In fact, St Mary&#39;s German Catholic Church was built on Marshal St to serve the growing German Catholic immigrant community that had moved into the greater Richmond community from about 1850 to through the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The center of the neighborhood is dominated by the former Armstrong High School, now the Richmond Public Schools Adult Career Development Center. Armstrong&#39;s sports field is now Abner Clay Park, which has a bandstand, football field, basketball court and tennis facilities.</p><br>
<p>Notable historic churches in Jackson Ward include the Third Street Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Hood Temple African Methodist Episcopal Church, Ebenezer Baptist Church and Sixth Mount Zion Baptist Church. Sixth Mount Zion is known as the home of African-American evangelist John Jasper, whose famous "Sun Do Move" sermon brought him fame.</p><br>
<p>The Leigh Street Armory is now being revitalized and will be the future home of the Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia, which was previously located at 00 Clay Street in Jackson Ward.</p><br>
<p>The Slater Mill is a historic textile mill complex on the banks of the Blackstone River in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, modeled after cotton spinning mills first established in England. It is the first water-powered cotton spinning mill in North America to utilize the Arkwright system of cotton spinning as developed by Richard Arkwright.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Slater, the mills founder, apprenticed as a young man in Belper, England with industrialist Jedediah Strutt. Shortly after immigrating to the United States, Slater was hired by Moses Brown of Providence, Rhode Island to produce a working set of machines necessary to spin cotton yarn using water power. Construction of the machines was completed in 1793, as well as a dam, waterway, waterwheel, and mill. Manufacturing was based on Richard Arkwrights cotton spinning system, which included carding, drawing, and spinning machines. Slater initially hired children and families to work in his mill, establishing a pattern that was replicated throughout the Blackstone Valley and known as the "Rhode Island System". It was later eclipsed by Francis Cabot Lowell&#39;s Waltham System.</p><br>
<p>Slater Mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark on November 13, 1966, the first property to be listed on the register. In December 2014, the mill was added to the newly formed Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural history</h2><br>
<p>The original portion of the Slater Mill built in 1793 was six bays long and two stories tall. Several additions were made beginning in 1801, and a second added in 1835. Between 1869 and 1872, a large addition was made to the north end of the mill. Cotton spinning continued until 1895, after which the mill was used for various industrial purposes until 1923. The building had suffered numerous fires in the past, and two fires occurred in 1912 which precipitated awareness of the building and the need for its preservation.</p><br>
<h2>From mill to museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1921, the non-profit Old Slater Mill Association was founded with the purpose of saving the historic Mill. Efforts to restore the mill began in 1923; modern additions to the structure were removed, restoring the mill to its 1835 appearance. In 1955, it opened as a museum. Restoration of the nearby Wilkinson Mill (built 1810-1811) was completed in 1978 as part of the Slater Mill site.</p><br>
<p>The Slater Mill site now serves as a museum, educational center, and music venue, which "celebrates innovation and the entrepreneurial spirit by engaging audiences in relevant cultural, historic, and artistic endeavors". It includes five acres of land on both sides of the Blackstone River, a dam on the river, two historic mills (the Slater Mill and Wilkinson Mill), and the Sylvanus Brown House (a house built in 1758 but moved to the site in the 1960s).</p><br>
